Edward VI and Mary I

• passed over the crown uncontested 
• due to the dissolution of the monasteries income from crown lands was higher in 1547 then in 1509 
• Henry had provoked hostility in his personal life 
• the country was divided on religion 
• crown did not have much money due to wars with France and Scotland at the end of henry's reign 
• Edward was very learned 
• he was resereved 
• came to the throne age 9 
• very protestant 
• was over protected as a child 

• henry had set up a regency council at the end of his reign to govern the country on behalf of the king until he came of age 
• the council were fearful of public unrest and social order due to the fact that the king was so young 
• clergy members were told to reinforce that obedience to the king was the will of god and thus to not obey would be a mortal sin 

• edward's uncle 
• became earl of hertford in 1537 
• made the duke of somerset by umself in 1547 
•  from jan - oct 1549 he served as lord protector 
• he was not a well educated or bookish man 
• he was autocratic, rude and difficult to work with 
• a midly radical protestant 
• he was an obsessive gambler 
• spent lavishly - £10,000 on somerset house 
• hated wealthy self seeking men - was a wealthy self seeking man 
• obsessed with Scotland 

aims

• wanted the marriage between Edward and Mary queen of scots 
• wanted to finish the business henry viii had started in scotland 
• wanted to avoid war with france 
• some saw a young king as weak and thus england was in a vulnerable position 
• wanted to stop an allience between france and scotland 

outcome

• in 1547 england defeated scotland at the battle of pinkie 
• the forts of the firth of forth proved expensive to guard which lead to the french releiving edinburgh 
• in 1548 france sends 10000 troops to help the scots 
• the scots are not a in position to attack and the situation is left in limbo 

• debasement continued and inflation continued to rise. this would lead to food shortages and a decline in real wages 
• somerset tried to slow down enclosure but this brought the hopes up for the poor and annoyed the landowners 
• the crown spent heavily of war for instance, war with france and scotland cost £580,393 
• taxation caused the most discontent 
• collapse of the textile industry threw lots of people out of work 

• socially divided between the poorer classes and the landed gentry 
• vagrancy act - if they were out of work for 3 days they would be sold for slavery for 3 years  and branded with a v 
• ruling classes were concerned about public unrest and rebellion 
• somerset seen as the poor mans friend as he tried to decrease the effects of enclosure 
• set up a court of requets in his home so he could hear the cases of the poor 

• made himself duke of northumberland in 1551 
• 1550 - lord president of the council 
• not that religious 
• a skilled politician 
• suffered from illness and depression 
• ruled until mary's accesion 

• ended wars between france and scotland. this aided the crowns finances 
• he sold Bouglougne back to the french for £1333333 
• guided engalnd through the habsburg-valios wars by not intervening 
• surrendered all claims that edward should marry mary queen of scots 

• ended wars with france and scotland which reduced the crowns expenditure 
• stopped debasement which meant prices lowered 
• reduced englands deabt from £300,000 in 1550 to £180,000 in 1553
• however, he did weaken the crowns long term finacial postion 

• ended anti-enclosure measures 
• got rid of the vagrency act 
• he enforced existing enclosures 
• introduced new treason laws 
• kept order by tradtional means 

causes 

• relglious grievences over the new prayer book and changes that had been made to the way people experienced religous. 
• church services had been changed and the wider role the church had in the community was gone 
• resented the sheep tax 
• distrust between labourers and landowners 
• grievences over taxation 

events and outcome 

• rebels gathered in cornwall under the lindership of humphey arundell 
• they martched towards devon 
• the gentry lost their grip on the counties 
• the rebel army moved up towards exerter 
• 2 men tried to concilliate the rebels but this did not work 
• although the rebels committment remained strong till the end, northumberland ened the rebellion

causes 

• the collapse of the textile industry, many cloth workers had lost their job 
• hatred of local government officals 
• resetment of abuse by landowners and the peasants in the norfolk fold course were being denied access to common land 

events and outcome 

• a concilliation was sent by the government but the rebels rejected it and both sides were ready to attack 
• northampton was sent to try and appease the rebels but this failed 
• northumberland sent an army of 12,000 men to end the rebellion. 
• 3000 rebels were killed including kett himself 

• the religious changes were profound 
• never had the country been subjected to such large religious change 
• took place in phases
• not sure on northumberlands religious stance but he pushed through more radical changes compared to somerset 
• took place with little disruption

• 1547 - the denuncation of images highlighted radical churchmen views such as nicholas ridley who was supported by the government and protestant activits
• 1547 - injunctions were issued which attacked traditional catholic services such as images, relics, processions, stained glass windows and practices associated with ash wednesday and plam sunday 
• 1547 - dissolution of chantries and religious guilds, this meant that guild, chantries and lay brotherhoods properties were taken by the crown. this money was used to finance wars with scotland and france 
• 1549 - introduction of the book of common prayers gave a single form of services and translated some latin services into english 

• removal of conservatice ceremonies. 
• restriction of church music - felt it hindered religious understandind 
• ban of popish vestments - seen as superstitious. move towards making services more simple 
• reform of baptism, confirmation and burial services. they were changed so they were more simple and made sense to congregations 
• reform of confirmation such as the use of wafer instead of bread to move away from the ambiguity of the 1549 prayer book 
• 1552 - new book of common prayers, more radical then the 1549 version 

• cranmer was a humanist
• edward was educated by humanist tutors like john clark 
• peter martyr and martin bucer were invited to work in enland 

• came to the throne aged 37 in 1553 
• she had been declared a ******* and her title had been reduced to lady mary 
• she was anorexic and often sickly 
• she suffered from a tumb in her womb which caused problems with conceiving and constant pain 
• due to her early life she was bitter and unhappy 
• when she was younger it was said that she was pretty and enjoyed parties and jewels 

• the devyse proclaimed that lady jane grey would become queen and she did for 9 days 
• however, the devyse had not been sanctioned by parliament as edward had died too soon 
• mary gathered her catholic supporters in norfolk 
• northumberland sent an army to great yarmouth 
• this army was disloyal and they pledged their alligence to mary 
• mary acted decisivly and councillors proclaimed her queen 
• northumberland failed as he did not act quickly or send all the men he had 
• he was executed in august 1553

• greeted favourably by the english people 
• could be because they saw her claim as legitimate or because they wanted to return to the catholic faith 
• however, there were religious devisions 
• mary was not learned in politics and running the government 
• her most loyal and trusted supports, bedingfield, jenningham and rochester were not experienced in government 

• restore the catholic faith, mary was a pious catholic and wanted to return england to papal supremacy as she felt it was he god given right to save the souls of the english 
• war with france 
• secure a peaceful and uncontested succession through producing an heir. this was key if she wanted the catholic faith to be upheld after her death 

• cardinal pole - made archbishop of canterbury in 1554 , was a close advisor. pope saw him as a heretic 
• stephen gardiner - made lord chancellor 
• phillip ii - king of spain
• pope paul iv
• henry iii king of france 
• mary queen of scots - heir to the scotish throne 

• appointed 50 councillors in her reign 
• some thought the working council was much smaller containing expereinced individuals such as stephen gardiner and the marquis of winchester 
• she often went to people outside of the council for advice such as phillip ii and stephen renard ( spainish ambasador to her cousin charles v of spain) as she did not trust the council 
• fractional rivelry 

• appointed a range of people such as catholic nobels, church men and moderates like william paget, this lead to factional rivelry 
• supervision of routine administration was effective 
• there was some reform in 1555

• they rejected some religious bills 
• 1554 bill to appeal all anti papal legislation since 1529 which would return monastic lands to the church 
• 1555 prevented a bill to seize the property of protestant exiles 
• the house of commons and lords tried to reduce the influence of phillip 
• in 1555 they prevented his correnation as king of england 
• they cooperated on social and economic changed 

• issued royal charters of incorperation, this is where a certain individual or place is given a right or power 
• a strong local government was wanted in towns 
• appointed jps to oversee the poor in york 
• move towards a more uniform and standard stucture of local goverment and powers of town councils