Four key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement. 1) Fatalism: a belief in fate - that 'whatever will be, will be'. 2) Collectivism: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual. 3) Immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather that making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future. (the opposite is deferred gratification) 4) Present-time orientation: seeing the present as more important than the future.
The variety of boys' responses. There are four ways in which boys respond to racist stereotyping;
1) The rebels: Most visible and influential group BUT only a small minority of black pupils. Often excluded. 2) The conformists: Largest group. These were boys who accepted the schools goals, made friends with other ethnicities and were keen to succeed. 3) The retreatists: A tiny minority of isolated individuals who were disconnected from school and subcultures. They were despised by the rebels. 4) The innovators: 2nd largest group. Pro-education but anti-school=they valued success but did not seek teachers approval.
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