DNA

-  17 loci.

-  Each loci has 2 short tandem repeats.

-  Variations in length called alleles.

-  32 number string.

-  Sex markers.

Removal of DNA from source- may need care if sample is old/small.

Polymerase Chain Reaction- biological photocopier, makes copies of sample DNA to increase samaple to testing size.

DNA is run through a gel which acts as a biological sieve and separates DNA by size- smaller fragments travel faster than larger ones.

-  Number from DNA compared to number from reference sample.

-  Match presented as a probability.

-  If no match, sample put on NDNAD.

-  Very small amounts of DNA can use Low Copy Number (LCN) or Low Template (LT) DNA.

-  Same process but more PCR cycles.

-  Mitochondrial DNA for degraded bones and teeth- more stable and lasts longer.

-  Use samples collected from relatives.

-  mtDNA from Mitochondrial DNA Profiling.

-  Targets Y chromosomes with STR alleles.

-  Small amounts of male DNA.