Development Gap

Gross Domestic Product(GDP)- total value of goods and services a country produces a year.

Gross National Income(GNI)- total value of goods and services people of that nationality produce.

GNI per Head- the GNI divided by the population of a country.

Birth Rate- the number of live babies born per thousand of population per year.

Death Rate- the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

Infant mortality Rate- number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand babies born.

People per Doctor- the average number of people for each doctor.

Literacy Rate- The percentage of adults who can read and write.

Access to Safe Water- the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water.

Life Expectancy- the average age a person can expect to live to.

Limitations:

• The meaures can be misleading because it uses averages, and doesn't show variations.
• Some aspects develop before others, making it seem a country is more developed.

Using HDI avoids these problems.

Human Development Index- a number calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per head.

Standard of Living- their material wealth, economic factors.

Quality of Life- includes standard of living but also takes into account social factors- location.

Around the world their are different perceptions of a good quality of life.

Global Inequalities- level of development of different countries in the world is unequal.

North-South Divide:

• Richer MEDCs were generally found in the North- USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
• Poorer LEDCs were generally found in the South- India, China, Mexico, Brazil.
• Couldn't tell which countries were developing quickly.

Five-Fold Division:

• Rich Industralising Countries- most developed countries in the world- UK, USA, Canada,France
• Oil Exporting Countries- Quite high GNI, but wealth belongs to few people- Qatar, Kuwait,Saudi
• Newly Industralising Countries- Rapidly richer due to industrialising economy- China, Brazil
• Former Communist Countries- Not Poor but not rich either- Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Poland.
• Heavily Indebted poor Countries- poorest, least devloped countries in the world- Ethiopia, Chad

Poor Climate:

• Poor Climate means inability to grow crops and less food produced.
• Malnutrition leads to low quality of life.
• Fewer crops to sell, less money to spend on goods and services, meaning a lower quality of life
• Less money from taxes, less to spend on developing the country.

Poor Farming Land: Poor soil means no food produced.

Limited Water Supplies: Harder to produce a lot of food.

Natural Hazards:

• Have to spend money rebuilding after natural disasters occur, meaning lower to spend.
• Reduce quality of Life for people affected.

Few Raw Materials:

• Fewer products to sell, meaning less money to spend on development.

Poor Trade Links:

• Poor trade links mean slow economic growth meaning less money to spend on development.

Debt:

• Very poor countries borrow money from international organisations and other countries.
• Money has to be paid back with interest.
• Less money to spend on development.

Primary Economy:

• Exporting primary products(raw materials) means less development.
• Not much profit made by selling primary products.
• Less to spend on development.

Drinking Water:

• More clean drinking water = more developed country.
• Waterbourne diseases = lower quality of life.
• Ill people can't work and contribute to the economy, slowing growth.
• Money to spend on healthcare and not development.

Women in Society:

• Development if women has equal place with men in society.
• More likely to be educated and working, contributing to the economy.
• Better quality of life for women.
• More to spend on development.

Children Education:

• More children going to school more development.
• Better education for better jobs to contribute to the economy.
• Increases Quality of Life.

Unstable Government:

• May not invest in healthcare, education or improving the economy.

Corrupt Governments:

• Politicians get richer while others stay poor and have a low quality of life.

War:

• Money is spent on ammunitions and equipment.
• Buildings get destroyed.
• Fewer people working.
• Reduces Quality of Life.

Short-Term Effects in Nicaragua:

• Around 3000 deaths, 50,000 animals died.
• 70% roads unusable/ 71 bridges destroyed/ 23,900 houses destroyed/340 schools destroyed.

Short-Term Effects in Honduras:

• Around 7000 deaths. 70% crops destroyed.
• 70-80% transport infrastructure severely damaged/ 85,000 homes destroyed/damaged.
• 20% Schools damaged/ 117 Health centres/ 6 hospitals

Long Term Effects in Nicaragua:

• Rate of growth slowed down/ Exports went down/ total damage costs $1.2bn/ 8.2% increase of working children.

Long Term Effects in Honduras:

• Rate of growth slowed down/ Total damages costs $439mil/ destroyed 50 years of progress.

FairTrade:

• Getting a Fair Price for goods produced in poorer countries.
• Companies pay farmers a fair price.
• Consumers pay extra to help develop area of goods origin.
• Good Working Conditions are also provided.

Trading Groups:

• Countries making free trade agreements, between MEDCs and LEDCs
• Boost exports and goods, growing the economy of the LEDC.

Debt Abolition: Zambia healthcare

• When some/all of a country's debt is cancelled, so they can use the money for development.

Conservation Swaps: USA-Peru Rainforests

• Part of a country's debt is paid off by another country in exchange for conservation investment.

Government Aid- aid given by the donor with taxpayers money.

Non-Governmental Organisation- aid given by the donor with voluntary donations.

Bilateral Aid- donor governments gives aid directly to the recipient.

Multilateral Aid- donor governments gives aid indirectly through an internaltional organisation.

Short-Term Aid:

• Money that help recipient countries cope with emergencies.
• The aid has an immediate impact- more people will survive the emergency.
• Recipient Country may become reliant on aid.

Long-Term Aid:

• Money that help recipient countries to develop- building dams and wells, and building schools.
• Recipient countries can become less reliant on foriegn aid while they develop.

Long- Term Aid:

• Building schools to improve literacy rates and hospitals to reduce mortality rates.
• Building dams and wells to improve clean water supplies.
• Providing farming equipment to improve agriculture.

Renewable Energy:

• Donors invest in renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel use.
• Reduces environmental impact of using fossil fuels.

Education:

• Eduacting people about their environmental impact reduces air and water pollution.

Reforestation:

• Planting trees in areas that have been affected by deforestation.

FARM-Africa is a non-governmental organisation providing aid to Eastern Africa. It is funded by voluntary donations since 1985. Runs programme in- Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya,Uganda, Tanzania

Rural Women's Empowerment:

• Helps women gain an equal place in society. Helps 15,000 women.
• Women are given training and livestock to start farming.
• Loan Schemes to help set up small businesses like bakeries and coffee shops.

Community Development Project:

• Helps farmers in Semu Robi recover from droughts. Helps 4100 people.
• People are given loans to buy small water pumps to irrigate their land.

Sustainable Forest Management:

• Deforestation occurs for farming and firewood. Helps 7500 communities.
• Communities are taught how to produce honey and grow wild coffee, which are sold.
• Communities are also taught how to make fuel-efficient stoves using less wood.  

URBAN Community Initiative:

• Money is given to certain EU cities to create jobs, reduce crime and increase green space.

Common Agricultural Policy:

• Farmers are subsidised to grow certain products.
• The EU buys produce when world food prices are low.
• Puts a high import tax on foriegn produce so people buy EU produce.

Structural Funds:

• Provide money for research and development.
• Improves employment opportunities, reducing discrimination, improving transport links.
• The aim is to get all members of the EU to similar level of devlopment.

UK > Bulgaria:

• Bulgaria GNI per head = $11,180/ UK GNI per head = $33, 800
• Bulgaria Life Expectancy = 73/ UK Life Expectancy = 79
• Bulgaria HDI = 0.824/ UK HDI = 0.947

UK:

• The climate is temperate, creating good conditions for farming.
• Well developed manufacturing and service industries, with good worldwide trade links.

Bulgaria:

• Droughts in summer and high snowfall in winter, making it difficult farming conditions.
• Communist country between 1944-1990 = no money spent on development.
• Political Corruption problems since 1990.

Special Accession Programme for Agriculture / Rural Development (SAPARD) gives money to Bulgaria to invest in agriculture.Funds partially frozen until government fights corruption