Development

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Factors Affecting Development

Physical

  • Landlocked countries (e.g. Mali) can't access the sea for cheaper transportation
  • Disease slows productivity and money has to be spent on healthcare over other things
  • No access to clean water gives diseases (70% developing hospital beds taken by this)
  • Natural disasters mean the countries have to fix infrastructure over developing it

Historic

  • Countries in a conflict mean refugees fleeing and economic / political collapse
  • Countries previously occupied by others (colonialism) had resources exploited and often the new governments are corrupt

Economic

  • Some countries rely on primary exports, which may see a decline in price (e.g. Zambia with copper) and so a sharp decline in GNI
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Ways of Measuring Development

GNI

  • Stands for Gross National Income
  • Shows average wealth of the citizens
  • Hides wealth inequality (e.g. a few own all the wealth)

HDI

  • Stands for Human Development Index (0-1)
  • Gives a better idea of quality of life, using several factors
  • Doesn't ask everyone, they may be happy even though there's fewer doctors for example

Quality of Life Indicators

  • Psychological
  • Social
  • Physical (environment)
  • Wealth
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Reducing the Gap

Intermediate Technology

  • Using local environments and skills to improve lives
  • Treadle pumps in Ethiopia are man operated and easily produce more water

Aid

  • Short term helps immediately after a disaster, long term helps communities develop
  • Goat aid in Malawi helps 3000 families sell milk and have enough food

Industry

  • Helps to increase businesses, jobs and GNI
  • The Proton Car in Malaysia is a good example of this

Investment

  • Other countries giving money to help develop one - usually with a purpose
  • China funded a power plant in Zimbabwe 
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Reducing the Gap 2

Reducing Debt

  • If a government is non corrupt, debt may be decreased or removed entirely
  • Breaks the cycle of HIPCs just keeping borrowing to pay off loans

Fairtrade

  • In Uganda the GCC has over 90% of coffee farmers which pay $1.70 per lb, a premium
  • Farmers are trained on intercropping and processing beans themselves (pays more)
  • This has allowed for many things such as :
  • Health clinic extension
  • Repairing of roads
  • A new secondary school
  • An AIDs orphanage
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Jamaica and Tourism

Background

  • Jamaica relies on primary industry e.g. oil and sugar, but is in debt

Advantages of Tourism

  • People can get new (better paid) jobs, and learn new skills
  • Many cruise passengers spend money
  • Negril Marine Nature Park is now an attraction

Disadvantages

  • 53% money is reinvested in transport and property i.e. tourism
  • Ecotourism is going up, but waste and emissions still a problem
  • Trelawney got a new port and hotel, but other places still isolated
  • Montego Bay has nice tourist homes next to poor quality inhabitant homes
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