Demography

Birth rate = no. of births per 1000, per year     
Fertility rate = Average no of children a woman will have during her ferile years
Infant mortality rate = No of babies who die before age of 1, per 1000, per year

Baby booms: 
1. 1920 - after the war            2.1945 - after the war        3.1965 - standards of living improved 

The ferility rate in the U.K is 1.91, higher than 2004, but lower than during the 'baby booms' =

• Changes in womens positions=>. contraception, easier divorce, higher education, careers
• Decline in infant mortality rate => hygiene improvements, better nutritions, more knowledge
• Children became an economic liability=> longer compulsory education, higher expectations
• Child centerness => easier to pay more attention, when keeping the family small

There has been a recent increase in birth rates due to imigration, as young people tend to migrate and start forming families (temporary). It is expected that families will remain to get smaller, hence the dependency ratio will grow, which initially will be a good thing, but will flip around. 

Death rate = no of deaths per 1000, per year
Death rate has been declining since 1870 due to :

• Fall in deaths due to infecious diseases  eg. vacinations, antibiotics, hygiene 
• Medical improvements  eg. use of technology, transplants, chemotherapy
• Public health improvements eg. affective sewage system, increased awareness
• Social changes eg. safe sex, excercise, smoking/drinking awareness

Life expectancy has increased drastically over the past 100 years from an average of 55, to 79. In England there is a trend which illustarttes the highest life exoectancy in South = due to increased wealth

Aging population = dependency ratio increased

Due to the high dependency ratio in society, a strain on public services has becaome more pparent as older people need more medical help help than young. So, as there is an increasingly higher no of older dependence than those of a working age, where will not be enough tax payers to meet the needs of the older population = result in higher tax. 

Migration = movement of people from one place to another
Net migration = ratio of people immigrating to those emigrating

Until the 1980s the ratio was higher of those emigrating, than those immigrating. The highest immigration spark was the expansion of the Europien Union, from which a large majority of Easten Europien immigrated for work, or study. 
Emigrating trends have been of those retired to Spain. 
^^^Migration lowers the dependency ratio ^^^
Citizens - those with the rights to vote and claim benefits
Denizens - privileged foreign nationals, billionaires
Helots - poorly paid workers who may be illegaly trafficked to work

Feminasation of migration- traditionally most migrants were men, but now more women come due:

• The expansion of care work sector 
• western women are now established in the work force (higher positions)
• western men are unwilling to take on domestic tasks
• the state doesn't provide adequent child care