Demography

 Study of population including factors affecting it's size and growth

Increases population

* Birth 

*Immigration

Decreases population

*Death 

*Emegration

Natural change = Births - Deaths

Net migration = Imigrating - emegrating

1901 uk population grew  = 37m - 65m 

By 2031 populatin should be = 71 m                                                                                                                        GROWTH MAINY DUE TO NATURAL CHANGE RATHER THAN NET MIGRATION

2 messuremeant of birth

• Birth rate
• Total fertility rate

Birth rate = number of live births per 1000 of the population each year                                                                                long term decline in birth rates 

1900 =29                      2014 = 12.2     = 60% Decrease

After world wars = Baby Boom

Total fertility rate = Average number of children a women will have in her fertile years (15-44)

1960 = 2.95 childen per women (Baby Boom)

2001 = 1.63

2014 = 1.83

important trends   = more women remain childless            =      Women having children later

• changes in the possition of women
• fall in the infant mortality rate
• children as an economic liability
• child centrednss

social economic legal and technical factors 

• increased educational opportunities
• more women working
• changes in attitudes to families and womens roles
• easier acess to divorse 
• easy access to abortion and contreception

infant morality rate (IMR) = number of infants who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 babies born alive per year

fallen in the last century 

1990 = 154         2016 = 4                                                                                                                                                       Fall in IMR may cause fall in birth rate as if infants survive parents will have fewer chidren

REASONS FOR THE FALL

• improved housing
• sanatation
• nutrition 
• mothers knowledge
• health services

medical factors didnt ply apart unil 1950 when IMR began to fall due to...

• Mass immunisaion
• Improved midwifery
• Antibiotics

• until 19th century children were an economic asset as they went to work
• now a liability
• laws banning child labour - compulsory schooling
• changng norms , childrens rights to higher standard of life eg mobile phones 

childhood is now socialy constructed as a uniquiely important period

lead to the shift from quantity to quality of children

fewer children and give them more attention and resources 

Lower birth rate and Fertility rate effcts the family and society 

eg women have time to work and create a dual earner couple

Dependancy ratio = relationship between size of working population and size of non working population

working population earnings and taxes support the development of the population

children are a large part of dependent population  = fewer children reduces burden of dependencies on working populations

public services

Fewer schools and health care services needed

                                                  political decisions 

less needs to be spent on maternity and paternity leave 

Lower birth rate and Fertility rate effcts the family and society 

eg women have time to work and create a dual earner couple

Dependancy ratio = relationship between size of working population and size of non working population

working population earnings and taxes support the development of the population

children are a large part of dependent population  = fewer children reduces burden of dependencies on working populations

public services

Fewer schools and health care services needed

                                                  political decisions 

less needs to be spent on maternity and paternity leave 

Number of deaths has been fairly stable since 1900 (6000 000) per year 

However there has been fluctuations

• Two world wars
• 1918 flu epidemic 

Death rate = number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

halved from 19 in 1900 to 8..9 by 2012

Began falling from 1870 until 1930

rose slightly in the 1930s and 1940s  due to economic depression and WW2

Since 1950s has declined slightly 

up to 1970 3/4 of the decline in deaths was due to the fall in deaths from infectious diseases such as.. TB Measels small pox diarrhoea and typhoid 

MAINLY DUE TO SOCIAL FACTORS EG...

• Improved nutrition - Mckeown 1972 , better diet accounted for half the reduction in deaths by increasing resistance to infection
• Medical improvments - From the 1950s the death rate fell due to medical factors such as vaccinations, antibiotics , blood tansfusion, better maternity servicesand the creation of the NHS
• public health improvments-  more effective government power to pass and enforce laws led to improve public health. eg better housing , perer water , cleaner air 
• other social changes-  decline of more dangerous manual occupations, reduction of transmissions of infection, greater knowledge of the causes of ilneness

Life expectency = how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live

has increasd since 1900

1900 -

male = 50

female = 57

2013-

male = 90.7

female = 94

 life expectancy in 1900 was largely due to the high IMR pulling down the average life expectancy

As IMR fell , life expectancy rose 

in 1971 aveage age = 34 

now 40 

By 2031 should reach 42.6

in 2014 number of over 65s was the same as the under 15s for first time ever 

3 MAIN REASONS FOR AGEING...

• declining fertility - fewer young people are being born

Has social and economic effects

public services - older people consume more health and social care services

more one person pensioner households - 1 in every 7 house holds

rising dependancy ratio - non working old need to be provided for by one of working age eg taxation to pay. As number of retired people rises the dependancy rate increases

Ageism - Old age is often constructed as a negative. Stereotyping often potrays the elderly as incompetent and a burden

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Hirsch 2005 argues that new policies are needed to finance old age. eg paying more taxes or raising retirement age.

Old age in moder society =life is structured into fixed age stagesand age related identities such as pupil worker and pensioner.Identitiy and status is determined by our role in production. Those excluded from production have a dependent and stigmatised identity.

Old age in postmodern society = Fixed stages of life course have broken down. Gives individuals a greater choce of lifestyle no matter their age.Consumption not production becomes key to out identities. Hunt 2005 argues we can choose an identity regardless of age.

inequality among the old = 

class = MC have longer life expectancys and aswell as bigger savings and pensions

gender = womens lower earnings and role as carers mean lowr pensions. Sexist as well as Ageist stereotyping

Migration = Movement of people

internal = within a country 

International = out of country

Affects the size and age structure of the population

Until the 1980s more people left the UK then entered 

From 1900 - 1940s biggest immigrant group were the irish , european jews and people of british descent from canada or USA.

Very few immigrants were non white

white and non white imagrants 

1950s - 70s non white immagrants began to come from the carrabian , Africa and south asia

By 2011 minority ethnic groups accounted for 14% of the populaton 

However most imagrants to the UK were white irish and europeans

Immigration and nationality acts from 1962 - 1990 placed serve restrictions on non white immigration

By the 1980s non whites accouned for barely a quater of immigrants 

The mainly white countries of the EU became a cheif source of immigrants

Since 1900 most emigrants have gone to USA , Canada , Australia , Newzeland and South affrica

Main reasons for emigrating have been economic

push factors - unemployment and economic recession

Pull factors - higher wages or better opportinites 

Globalisation = Producing increased migration.

Eg between 2000 - 2013 migration increased by 33%

Many types of migrant = permanent settlers , tempoary workers, spouses , refugees and asylum seekers

Some may have lega entiltement but others enter without permission 

super- diversity = Before 1990s Uk immigrants mainly came from a few brittish ex colonies. However migrants now come from more countries with diffrent legal statuses

A given ethnic group may also be divided by culture or religion

Also class diffrences among migrants. Cohen 2006 distinguishes...

• citizens -  have full rights 
• Denizens -are privelidge forgien nationals eg billionaire oligarchs
• Helots -are disposible labour power found in unskilled , poorly paied work . include illegally trafficked workers 

Almost half of all global migrants are now female 

This has resulted in the globalisation of the gender division of labour

female migrants are given stereotyped roles as carers or providers of sexual services 

Migrants may develop hybrid identities from two or more diffrent sources.

May find ohers acuse them of not fitting in

Transnational identites , Eriiken 2007

Notes globalisation creates back and fourth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another counrty

Rather than seeing themselves as beloning to one country, migrants may develop transnational identities

Modern technology makes it possible to sustain global ties without having to travel

States have policies to control immigration and deal with cultural diversity

Immigration policies have also become inked to national security and anti- terrorism policies

Assimilationism - Aims to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture

Multicuturalism - accepts hat migrants may wish to retain a seperate cultural identity. But in practice , this acceptance may be limited to superficial diffrences eg food

Castles 2000 argues assimilation policies are counterproductive because they mark out minority groups as other.Minorties then respond by emphasising their diffrence. This increases the hosts suspicion of them, making assimilation less likely.

A divided working class - Assimilationist ideas may encourage workers to blame migrants for problems such as unemployment. This benifits capatalism by dividing the working class.