DEFINITIONS

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tidal volume

respiratory

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath 

measured in ml 

approximately 500ml during breathing at rest 

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minute ventilation

respiratory

the volume of air inspired or expired in one minute

measured in l/min

ve = tv x f 

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frequency

respiratory

number of breaths taken in one minute 

measured in breaths per minute

approximately 12 - 15 breaths at rest

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venous return

transport of deoxygentated blood from the the capillaries, through the venules and veins and back to the right atrium via the vena cava. 

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cardiac output

cardiovascular

the volume of blood pumped from the heart in 1 minute 

measured in l/min

resting = 5l/min

q = sv x hr

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heart rate

cardiovascular

number of times your heart can beat in a minute 

measured in bpm = 220-age 

resting = 60-70 bpm

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stroke volume

cardiovascular

the amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in each beat

measured in ml

resting = 60 - 80ml

sv = q/hr

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gaseous exchange

- occurs in the alveoli and takes place by diffusion

- the alveloli are surrounded by capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries

- there is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood 

- there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli 

- both oxygen and carbon dioxide carry haemoglobin

- haemoglobin carries oxygen to be exchanged at the working muscle and carbon dioxide to be exchnaged at the lung 

As the blood passes through the capillaries in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into it and carbon dioxide diffuses out of it.

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skeletal - irregular

- protect spinal cord 

- protect internal organs

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sesamoid

- protects tendons from stress and wear

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short

- provides stability and some movement

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long

- supports the weight of the body

- movement

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flat

- protect vital organs

- provide large areas of attachment for muscles

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synovial - gliding

- move against each other

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condyloid

- allows for circular motion, flexion and exrtension 

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pivot

- provides rotation

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saddle

- allows dor flexion, extension and other moements 

- no rotation

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ball and socket

- freely moving 

- can rotate on any axis

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hinge

- flexion and extension

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