crime and deviance case studies
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- Created by: ericab
- Created on: 11-04-18 16:12
NEO-MARXIST POV
- GILROY (1982) - discussion of 70s black crime sees as form of resistance to racism (police)
- HALL ET AL (1978) - New Criminology applied to study of 70s black crime - reassert dominance of r/c hegenomy under threat - folk devils, moral panics - justified repressive/aggressive policing
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INTERACTIONIST POV - LABELLING THEORY
- CICOUREL (1776) - phenomological approach - how law enforces interpret what they see - subjective/stereotypes determine criminal labels - JUVI CRIME (2 US CITIES) - rates higher in w/c areas - m/c youth = 'good bgs', family support, crime temporary lapse - no charge. w/c youth = opposite assumptions, charges
- YOUNG (1971) - participant observation of Notting Hill hippy weed users (1967/69): police have media gen stereotype - feel persecuted (smoking peripheral), police action unites as 'different', self-defense - small closed groups - develop deviant values, expression of ID via dress - ID & subculture, stereotype confirmed, moral panics, opportunities for normality reduced - amplified - deviant career
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LEFT REALISM
LEWIS ET AL (2011) - desire to consume denied signif factor to looting in 2011 riots
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PRC + CRIME SURVEY FOR ENGLAND AND WALES
- Main basis for offical stats - combined = more comprehensive picture
- PRC - wider range of offences (incl. businesses & tourists) - but not unreported & undiscovered
- CSEW - unreported/unrecordered but not businesses, tourists, or less serious crime
- 2014/15 - CSEW recorded 50% more despire narrower range
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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CRIME STATS
- 2014/5 - 'hidden crimes' & 'dark figure' of unreported/unrecorded - 27% of recorded crimes detected/'cleared up' + offenders IDed/action against them
- YR ENDING MAY 2014 - 280 new offences, 213 abolished
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TRENDS ON CRIME
- APPARENT RISE IN PRC AFTER 1999-2000 - = changed methods of Home Office recording/counting crimes (1998-2002) - intro of NCRS 2003/3 - no real increase
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ETHNICITY & CRIME
- MINSTRY OF JUSTICE (2013) - comp to white pop - black pop = +2x more likely to be arrested, 3x to be charged/remanded in custody, face court than receive caution, 5x more liekly be in prison - receive custodial sentence for longer. Asian pop - more likely to be charged/face court, receive custodial sentence/longer
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ETHNICITY: NEO-MARXISM, LEFT REALISM, & POVERTY/EX
- GILROY (1982) - NEO-MARXIST - 1970s black crime = political action - culture of resistance against oppressors, e.g. police racism - greater black crime = myth created by neg stereotyping in media/police - see e ms as untrustworthy (black = 'muggers', Asian = potential illegal immigrants)
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ETHNICITY: LABELLING & RACISM IN CJS
- MINISTRY OF JUSTICE (2013) - comp to white pop - asian pop 2x more likely to be stopped, black 6-30x more
- MACPHERSON REPORT (1999) - investigation into police handling of Stephen Lawrence murder (1993) - critical of Met - 'series of mistakes'/professional incompetence - 'lack of urgency' - assumed Lawrence involved in street crime not victim of racist attack - institutional racism
- METROPOLITAN BLACK POLICE ASSOCIATION (2008) - warned ems not to join force - 'hostile atmosphere where racism is allowed to spread'
- CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE - more likely to drop cases against ems before reaching court/lower conviction rate - suggests not enough evidence for police charges or for CPS to convict
- SHARP & BUDD (2005) - HOME OFFICE'S 2003 'OFFENDING, CRIME & JUSTICE SURVEY' - white people = highesr rates of lifetime offending - black & asian signif less likely - white males (10-25) - much more likely than em of same demographic, more violent/frequent white crime - but still more em arrests
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GENDER: WHY DO WOMEN APPEAR TO OFFEND LESS?
- CARLEN (1988) -FEMINIST/ RATIONAL CHOICE/OPPORTUNITY - study of small no w/c women with criminal convictions - encouraged to conform to class deal & gender deal - most accept and achieve, but rewards unavailable to those in poverty, unemployment, with lack of family from life in care, abusive partners - make rational choice of crime (shoplifting, fraud)
- Socialised into central role 'guardians of domestic morality' - risk social disaproval @ failure
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GENDER: CHIVALRY THESIS?
- HOME OFFICE/MINISTRY OF JUSTICE STATISTICS - women = treated more leniently - firt offenders 1/2 likely to get prison sentence - less likely to be reprimaded in custody + more likely receive suspended sentences/community sentences + shorter on ave. Police see female offenders as less of threat - think benefit from more informal approaches - cautions, warnings
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GENDER: FEMALE CRIMINALITY
- 2004 - 2010 - crimes commited by 10-17 yr old girls increase 25% Engl/Wales - minor assaults, robberies, public order, & criminal damage
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SOCIAL CLASS: EXAMPLES OF WHITE COLLAR CRIME
- CROALL (2001) - cites crimes against NHS by doctors, nurses, pharmacists, dentists - falsify perscriptions/patient records to claim mils £s more than owed - 1 GP = £700 5yrs on false prescriptions
- NOV 2012 - ROGUE CITY TRADER - jailed 7 yrs committing 'the UK's biggest ever fraud'm - 'fraud by abuse of position' - gambling huge sums on unauthorised of the book deals - cost UBS over £1.5bil
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SOCIAL CLASS: EXAMPLES OF CORPORATE CRIMES
- VOLKSWAGEN (2015) - PAPERWORK/NON COMPLIANCE & ENVIROMENTAL - illegally evade enviromental regulations - 17mil cars fitted with device to cheat emissions tests
- THALIDOMIDE (LATE 50S) - inadequate testing of morning sickness drug (+ inadequate gov relguation) = children born 50s/early 60s impaired
- MILK/CHEESE (2011) - UNFAIR TRADE - UK supermarkets.dairy companies fined £50mil for fixing prices costing consumers £250mil
- AMAZON, STARBUCKS, ETC (2012) - FINANCIAL OFFENCES - attacked in UK - not paying fair taxes - offshore tax havens
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GLOBALISATION: DRUG TRADE
- United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime WORLD DRUG REPORT (2007) - drug trade worth approax $322 bil (no est since)
- HOME OFFICE - 1/2 acquisitive crime = drug related
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GLOBALISATION: HUMAN TRAFFICKING
- NATIONAL CRIME AGENCY (2014) - estimated 13k victims of slavery in Britain - incl forced prostitution, domestic staff, in fields, factories, fishing
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GLOBALISATION: CYBER CRIME
- DETICA (2011) - financial cybercrimes costs UK £27bil year
- 2015 ISIS - high tech media jihad concerns (radicalisation)
- TALKTALK (2015) - website targetted to steal costumer IDs/financial info
- 2017 NHS
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EXAMPLES OF GREEN CRIME
- 1984 DISASTER - BHOPAL, INDIA - Union Carbide chemical company leaked poisonous gas - affected 1/2 mil people - 2012: 25k deaths, 12k severe symptoms
- TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY - disaster bcos company broke locak health & safety laws
- ENVIROMENTAL JUSTICE - deliberately located plants in countries with weak h/s laws/low enviromental concern
- VOLKSWAGEN EMMISIONS
- BP DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL RIG (GULF OF MEXICO, 2010) - largest accidental marie oil spill - deaths of 11 workers - extensive habitat damage - damage to Gulf's fishing/tourism
- WHITE (2008) - globalised enviromental harms - transnat corps moving operations to Global South to avoid pollution laws/dump European waste/processing where disposal costs/standards lower
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HUMAN RIGHTS & STATE CRIME
- UN UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948)
- GUANTANAMO BAY - TORTURE - holding of prisoners of 'War on Terror' -AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL - 'a human rights scandal' - reports of prisoner suicide/manslaughter, inernat condemnation, often no charges or trials - techniques of neutralisation employed (+ dehumaisation)
- MUBARAK (OVERTHROWN 2011) - CORRUPTION - former Egyptian dictator - worth $10bil - embezzled from state coffers
- ALEXANDER LITVINENKO (2006) - ASSASSINATION - radiation poisoning in London - Russian state suspected
- SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC (1998-9) - WAR CRIMES - former Yugoslav president - brough to trial - fored deportation/murder thousans of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo + non-Serbs in Croatia & Bosnia
- NAZI GERMANY & PERSCECUTION OF JEWS (ETC) (1933-45) - 6mil murdered - BAUMAN (1989) - Holocaust made possible by enclaves of barbarism, dehumanisation (systematic ********* of rights) , & routinisation
- THE DE SILVA REPORT (2012) - STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM - murber of Belfast lawyer in 1989 - agencies of British state involved - 'shocking levels of state collusion [between army/police/terrorists]' - CAMERON
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MEDIA: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CRIME
- HAYWARD & YOUNG (2012) - ads turned images of crime into selling tools, e.g. 'gangsta rap'/'hip hop', crime in video games - combine criminality, street gang culture, & designer chic - romantic & cool
- HALL ET AL (1978) (1973 MUGGING), COHEN (1972) - media gen moral panic - exaggerated/sensationalised - folk devils - appear during periods of uncertainty - rapid social change/crisis - historic role of witch
- COHEN (1972) -'FOLK DEVILS AND MORAL PANICS' - media created Mods and Rockers as two opposing groups via sensationalised reporting of 1964 Clacton minor crime - generated moral panic - turned groups to folk devils - strong police response - before were only minor groups/not rivals - publicity made more youth ID with groups - deviancy amplification
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CJS: IMPRISONMENT PREVENT CRIME?
- MINISTRY OF JUSTICE RESEARCH (2010) - 47.5% released prisoners proven to reoffend (70% juvi) - ave 4 offences
- BOORMAN & HOPKINS (2012) - USING 'SURVEYING PRISONER CRIME REDUCTION (SPCR) SURVEY - 54% SPCR sample = at least 1 offence 1 year, 68% w/i 2 years - prison not stopping reoffending or crime
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LEFT REALIST POLICIES
BUILDING COMMUNITY COHESION (INFORMAL CONTROLS)
MULTI AGENCY WORKING
- COMMUNITY SAFETY PARTNERSHIPS - variety of agencies work with locals to tackle crime
DEMOCRATIC/COMMUNITY CONTROL OF POLICING
- 2012 - SAFER NEIGHBOURHOOD TEAMS, COMMUNITY FORUMS, election of POLICE.CRIME COMMISSIONERS
TACKLING SOCIAL FACTORS/DEPRIVATION
INTENSIVE PARENTING SUPPORT
- SURE START CHILDREN'S CENTRES
ADDITIONAL:
ASBOs, ABCs, Parenting contracts/orders, curfew/dispersal orders (NEW LABOUR)
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RIGHT REALISM POLICY THEORIES
- HOBBS & LISTER (2000) - increase in urban nightlife = drunken teens enter streets eary fri/sat morning - crime + disturbance
CRITICISMS
- GILL (1977) - study of Luke Street council housing in Liverpool - not deliquent bcos residents inherently 'bad' - negative labelling = struggles/misjudgements in public sphere - resentment - snowball effect - sensationalised media
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VICTIMS: CONSTRUCTION/EFFECTS OF VICTIMISATION
- NATIONAL CRIME RECORDING STANDARD - priority to victim's accounts rather than analysis of evidence
- VICTIM SUPPORT SCHEMES
- HOME OFFICE (2013) - victims of anti social behaviour/low level able tp have say on listed out of court punishments (proposal)
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VICTIMS: GENDER
- CSEW - women more likely to have high worry - 16-24yr men 2x risk 9of young women of victimisation re violent crime - decline with age. Women most likely victims of 'intimate crimes' & honour crimes
- 90% **** victims = women, 1/10 report to police
- DOMESTIC VIOLENCE -1 in 4 women, 1 in 6 men (some point in relationship) - 89% causing injury = by men to women - yrly 150 killed by current/former partner - 80% women - 2/3 do not report
- HESTER & WESTMARLAND (2006) - 5% reported d v result in conviction
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VICTIMS: AGE
- CSEW (2013/14) - liklihood of victimhood decreases with age - high prop 16-24 report victims personal crimes - 9x more likely 75+ - 16-24 = 3x risk violent crime, 10-15 = 6% experience violence/theft
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VICTIMS: ETHNICITY
- CSEW (2013/14) - risk of personal crime = higher for e ms than white - exception of hate crime, explanations: younger age profile, social class, areas of deprivation. - allowing for age/locality/class - all ems = high levels worry - 23% homice victims 2007-10 - x2 risk white pop (4x black pop)
- THE HOME OFFICE (CORCORAN ET AL) - USING CSEW 2012-13/2014-15 - est 106k racially motivated hate crime per year (300 a day) incl harrassment, theft, abuse, threats, intimidation, & violence -black/asian/mixed bg = 14x more likely
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