crime and deviance case studies

• GILROY (1982) - discussion of 70s black crime sees as form of resistance to racism (police)
• HALL ET AL (1978) - New Criminology applied to study of 70s black crime - reassert dominance of r/c hegenomy under threat - folk devils, moral panics - justified repressive/aggressive policing 

• CICOUREL (1776) - phenomological approach - how law enforces interpret what they see - subjective/stereotypes determine criminal labels - JUVI CRIME (2 US CITIES) - rates higher in w/c areas - m/c youth = 'good bgs', family support, crime temporary lapse - no charge. w/c youth = opposite assumptions, charges 
• YOUNG (1971) - participant observation of Notting Hill hippy weed users (1967/69): police have media gen stereotype - feel persecuted (smoking peripheral), police action unites as 'different', self-defense - small closed groups - develop deviant values, expression of ID via dress - ID & subculture, stereotype confirmed, moral panics, opportunities for normality reduced - amplified - deviant career

LEWIS ET AL (2011) - desire to consume denied signif factor to looting in 2011 riots

• Main basis for offical stats - combined = more comprehensive picture 
• PRC - wider range of offences (incl. businesses & tourists) - but not unreported & undiscovered
• CSEW - unreported/unrecordered but not businesses, tourists, or less serious crime
• 2014/15 - CSEW recorded 50% more despire narrower range

• 2014/5 - 'hidden crimes' & 'dark figure' of unreported/unrecorded - 27% of recorded crimes detected/'cleared up' + offenders IDed/action against them 
• YR ENDING MAY 2014 - 280 new offences, 213 abolished

• APPARENT RISE IN PRC AFTER 1999-2000 - = changed methods of Home Office recording/counting crimes (1998-2002) - intro of NCRS 2003/3 - no real increase 

• MINSTRY OF JUSTICE (2013) - comp to white pop - black pop = +2x more likely to be arrested, 3x to be charged/remanded in custody, face court than receive caution, 5x more liekly be in prison - receive custodial sentence for longer. Asian pop - more likely to be charged/face court, receive custodial sentence/longer

• GILROY (1982) - NEO-MARXIST - 1970s black crime = political action - culture of resistance against oppressors, e.g. police racism - greater black crime = myth created by neg stereotyping in media/police - see e ms as untrustworthy (black = 'muggers', Asian = potential illegal immigrants) 

• MINISTRY OF JUSTICE (2013) - comp to white pop - asian pop 2x more likely to be stopped, black 6-30x more
• MACPHERSON REPORT (1999) - investigation into police handling of Stephen Lawrence murder (1993) - critical of Met - 'series of mistakes'/professional incompetence - 'lack of urgency' - assumed Lawrence involved in street crime not victim of racist attack - institutional racism
• METROPOLITAN BLACK POLICE ASSOCIATION (2008) - warned ems not to join force - 'hostile atmosphere where racism is allowed to spread'
• CROWN PROSECUTION SERVICE - more likely to drop cases against ems before reaching court/lower conviction rate - suggests not enough evidence for police charges or for CPS to convict
• SHARP & BUDD (2005) - HOME OFFICE'S 2003 'OFFENDING, CRIME & JUSTICE SURVEY' - white people = highesr rates of lifetime offending - black & asian signif less likely - white males (10-25) - much more likely than em of same demographic, more violent/frequent white crime - but still more em arrests

• CARLEN (1988) -FEMINIST/ RATIONAL CHOICE/OPPORTUNITY - study of small no w/c women with criminal convictions - encouraged to conform to class deal & gender deal - most accept and achieve, but rewards unavailable to those in poverty, unemployment, with lack of family from life in care, abusive partners - make rational choice of crime (shoplifting, fraud)
  • Socialised into central role 'guardians of domestic morality' - risk social disaproval @ failure 

• HOME OFFICE/MINISTRY OF JUSTICE STATISTICS - women = treated more leniently - firt offenders 1/2 likely to get prison sentence - less likely to be reprimaded in custody + more likely receive suspended sentences/community sentences + shorter on ave. Police see female offenders as less of threat - think benefit from more informal approaches - cautions, warnings

• 2004 - 2010 - crimes commited by 10-17 yr old girls increase 25% Engl/Wales - minor assaults, robberies, public order, & criminal damage 

• CROALL (2001) - cites crimes against NHS by doctors, nurses, pharmacists, dentists - falsify perscriptions/patient records to claim mils £s more than owed - 1 GP = £700 5yrs on false prescriptions
• NOV 2012 - ROGUE CITY TRADER - jailed 7 yrs committing 'the UK's biggest ever fraud'm - 'fraud by abuse of position' - gambling huge sums on unauthorised of the book deals - cost UBS over £1.5bil

• VOLKSWAGEN (2015) - PAPERWORK/NON COMPLIANCE & ENVIROMENTAL - illegally evade enviromental regulations - 17mil cars fitted with device to cheat emissions tests
• THALIDOMIDE (LATE 50S) - inadequate testing of morning sickness drug (+ inadequate gov relguation) = children born 50s/early 60s impaired
• MILK/CHEESE (2011) - UNFAIR TRADE - UK supermarkets.dairy companies fined £50mil for fixing prices costing consumers £250mil
• AMAZON, STARBUCKS, ETC (2012) - FINANCIAL OFFENCES - attacked in UK - not paying fair taxes - offshore tax havens  

• United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime WORLD DRUG REPORT (2007) - drug trade worth approax $322 bil (no est since) 
• HOME OFFICE - 1/2 acquisitive crime = drug related 

• NATIONAL CRIME AGENCY (2014) - estimated 13k victims of slavery in Britain - incl forced prostitution, domestic staff, in fields, factories, fishing 

• DETICA (2011) - financial cybercrimes costs UK £27bil year
• 2015 ISIS - high tech media jihad concerns (radicalisation)
• TALKTALK (2015) - website targetted to steal costumer IDs/financial info
• 2017 NHS

• 1984 DISASTER - BHOPAL, INDIA - Union Carbide chemical company leaked poisonous gas - affected 1/2 mil people - 2012: 25k deaths, 12k severe symptoms
  • TRADITIONAL CRIMINOLOGY - disaster bcos company broke locak health & safety laws
  • ENVIROMENTAL JUSTICE - deliberately located plants in countries with weak h/s laws/low enviromental concern
• VOLKSWAGEN EMMISIONS
• BP DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL RIG (GULF OF MEXICO, 2010) - largest accidental marie oil spill - deaths of 11 workers - extensive habitat damage - damage to Gulf's fishing/tourism
• WHITE (2008) - globalised enviromental harms - transnat corps moving operations to Global South to avoid pollution laws/dump European waste/processing where disposal costs/standards lower

• UN UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948)
• GUANTANAMO BAY - TORTURE - holding of prisoners of 'War on Terror' -AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL - 'a human rights scandal' - reports of prisoner suicide/manslaughter, inernat condemnation, often no charges or trials - techniques of neutralisation employed (+ dehumaisation)
• MUBARAK (OVERTHROWN 2011) - CORRUPTION - former Egyptian dictator - worth $10bil - embezzled from state coffers 
• ALEXANDER LITVINENKO (2006) - ASSASSINATION - radiation poisoning in London - Russian state suspected 
• SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC (1998-9) - WAR CRIMES - former Yugoslav president - brough to trial - fored deportation/murder thousans of ethnic Albanians from Kosovo + non-Serbs in Croatia & Bosnia
• NAZI GERMANY & PERSCECUTION OF JEWS (ETC) (1933-45) - 6mil murdered - BAUMAN (1989) - Holocaust made possible by enclaves of barbarism, dehumanisation (systematic ********* of rights) , & routinisation 
• THE DE SILVA REPORT (2012) - STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM - murber of Belfast lawyer in 1989 - agencies of British state involved - 'shocking levels of state collusion [between army/police/terrorists]' - CAMERON

• HAYWARD & YOUNG (2012) - ads turned images of crime into selling tools, e.g. 'gangsta rap'/'hip hop', crime in video games - combine criminality, street gang culture, & designer chic - romantic & cool 
• HALL ET AL (1978) (1973 MUGGING), COHEN (1972) - media gen moral panic - exaggerated/sensationalised - folk devils - appear during periods of uncertainty - rapid social change/crisis - historic role of witch 
• COHEN (1972) -'FOLK DEVILS AND MORAL PANICS' - media created Mods and Rockers as two opposing groups via sensationalised reporting of 1964 Clacton minor crime - generated moral panic - turned groups to folk devils - strong police response - before were only minor groups/not rivals - publicity made more youth ID with groups - deviancy amplification 

• MINISTRY OF JUSTICE RESEARCH (2010) - 47.5% released prisoners proven to reoffend (70% juvi) - ave 4 offences 
• BOORMAN & HOPKINS (2012) - USING 'SURVEYING PRISONER CRIME REDUCTION (SPCR) SURVEY - 54% SPCR sample = at least 1 offence 1 year, 68% w/i 2 years - prison not stopping reoffending or crime

BUILDING COMMUNITY COHESION (INFORMAL CONTROLS) 

MULTI AGENCY WORKING 

• COMMUNITY SAFETY PARTNERSHIPS - variety of agencies work with locals to tackle crime

DEMOCRATIC/COMMUNITY CONTROL OF POLICING 

• 2012 - SAFER NEIGHBOURHOOD TEAMS, COMMUNITY FORUMS, election of POLICE.CRIME COMMISSIONERS

TACKLING SOCIAL FACTORS/DEPRIVATION 

INTENSIVE PARENTING SUPPORT 

• SURE START CHILDREN'S CENTRES

ADDITIONAL:

ASBOs, ABCs, Parenting contracts/orders, curfew/dispersal orders (NEW LABOUR) 

• HOBBS & LISTER (2000) - increase in urban nightlife = drunken teens enter streets eary fri/sat morning - crime + disturbance

CRITICISMS

• GILL (1977) - study of Luke Street council housing in Liverpool - not deliquent bcos residents inherently 'bad' - negative labelling = struggles/misjudgements in public sphere - resentment - snowball effect - sensationalised media

• NATIONAL CRIME RECORDING STANDARD - priority to victim's accounts rather than analysis of evidence
• VICTIM SUPPORT SCHEMES
• HOME OFFICE (2013) - victims of anti social behaviour/low level able tp have say on listed out of court punishments (proposal) 

• CSEW - women more likely to have high worry - 16-24yr men 2x risk 9of young women of victimisation re violent crime - decline with age. Women most likely victims of 'intimate crimes' & honour crimes 
  • 90% **** victims = women, 1/10 report to police 
• DOMESTIC VIOLENCE -1 in 4 women, 1 in 6 men (some point in relationship) - 89% causing injury = by men to women - yrly 150 killed by current/former partner - 80% women - 2/3 do not report 
• HESTER & WESTMARLAND (2006) - 5% reported d v result in conviction 

• CSEW (2013/14) - liklihood of victimhood decreases with age - high prop 16-24 report victims personal crimes - 9x more likely 75+ - 16-24 = 3x risk violent crime, 10-15 = 6% experience violence/theft 

• CSEW (2013/14) - risk of personal crime = higher for e ms than white - exception of hate crime, explanations: younger age profile, social class, areas of deprivation. - allowing for age/locality/class - all ems = high levels worry - 23% homice victims 2007-10 - x2 risk white pop (4x black pop) 
• THE HOME OFFICE (CORCORAN ET AL) - USING CSEW 2012-13/2014-15 - est 106k racially motivated hate crime per year (300 a day) incl harrassment, theft, abuse, threats, intimidation, & violence -black/asian/mixed bg = 14x more likely