Correlations

• In experiments the researcher will usually manipulate the IV and record the effect on the DV (IV changed & DV measured), correlations do not show this cause and effect releationship.
• In collerations the EVs are not controlled as opposed to experiments where researchers attempt to control them, this means that the results of a colleration could be influenced by an untested vairable.

Advantages

• Collerations are useful for starting research, by discovering an assocation they could begin extensive research in the subject and develop future hypothesis.
• They are extremely convient, they don't require large lab space and they are less time consuming and more cost effective

Disadvantages

• No cause and effect releationships are certain with collerations as other vairables may be involved
• Methods used to show collerations may be poor, for example it may be based off ones opinion, which opens up reliabillity and validity questions.

An observation is a way of viewing behaviour without having to ask them.

• One advantage is that it can capture unexpected behaviour, more natural behaviour means validity of the observation is increased.
• One disadvantage is that they are at risk of researcher bias, this can be reduced by adding more than one researcher.

Naturalistic- When the research takes place where the target behaviour would normally occur (natural).

• One advantage is that it has high external validity, this is because it takes place in a setting that can be replicated across the world such as at a park, this gives it could generalisabillity.
• One disadvantage is that the researcher has less control over vairables such as the EVs, this means the internal validity of the research is questionable.

Controlled- When some of the vairables usually EVs are manipulated.

• One advantage of controlled observations is that results can be externally validated, because of more standardised procedures that allow other researchers to replicate.
• One disadvantage is that external validity can be low, the behaviour may be as a result of the setting and therefore is not of result of natural behaviour.

Covert- Participants are unaware they are being observed.

• One advantage is that demand characteristics are reduced meaning the behaviour observed is more genunine and therefore giving the observation high internal validity.
• One disadvantage is that it ignores ethical guidlines, according to BPS consent must be collected and if not then researchers can recieve a bad repuation, leading to concicences.

Overt- Participants are aware they are being observed.

• One advantage of overt is that it is more ethically acceptable than covert as researchers are gaining permission before studying.
• One disadvantage of overt is that demand characterisitcs could be present, if participants figure out the aim they may try match the required behaviour, raising validity concerns.

Participant- Where the researcher becomes part of the group being observed.

• Can lead to greater validity as the researcher will be more open to report on there emotions, which is something difficult to observe.
• The researcher may corrupt the experiment by influencing any behaviour.

Non-participant- Where the reseacher remains seperate from the experiment.

• One advantage is that the researcher can not affect the results meaning validity is increased.
• One disadvantage is that there is a greater loss of insight meaning emotions may not be reported.