- Heat energy is transferred from the heater coils through to the water by CONDUCTION (PARTICLE COLLISIONS)
- The particles near the coils get more energy, so they started moving around faster.
- This means that is more distance between them, i.e. the water expands and becomes less dense.
- This reduction in density means that the hotter water tends to rise above the denser, cooler water.
- As the hot water rises it displaces the colder water out of the way, making it sink towards the heater coils.
- This cold water is then heated by the coils and rises - and so it goes on. You end up with convection currents going up, round and down, circulating the heat energy through the water.
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