Consolidation of power
- Created by: Oliviafurniss17
- Created on: 13-10-19 10:31
Consolidation of power
Became king England after ictory against Richard 111 battle Bosworth 22nd august 1485
terminated plantagent rule and new establishment Tudor dynasty
HAD WEAK CLAIM THOUGH
-HAD MANY ENEMIES
-DESCENDED THROUGH FEMALE LINE-LADY MARGARET BEUAFORT MOTHERS DAD JOHN GAUNT BORN ILLGEGITMATE
JOHN GAUNT EDWARDS 111S THIRD SON-
HE THE ONLY LANCASTRIAN CLAIMANT
-LIVED IN EXILE SIMCE 14 YRS OLD SO NOT ALOT NEW HIM ETC
SO HAS TO CONSOLIDATE POWER AND ESTABLISH HIMSELF WELL
CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
Why Richard unpopular?
usurpation 1483 destroyed unity house York, a lot rebellions,suspicious dissapreance of his nephews in tower
LORD THOMAS STANLEY-STEPFATHER
helped him win battle after initially not sure who's side
rewarded earl of derby and exercise power northwest England
HENRYS CHARACTER AND AIMS
not brought up to rule
why?1471 when 14 fled to France living as fugitive in duchy of Brittany
'why?when Edward v1 regained power for house York in battle tewkesbury where a lot Henry's Lancastrian relative dead or executed
when throne aware had to consolidate power
HOW HENRY CONSILIDATED POWER
-dated reign from 21 August 1485 day before battle so anyone fought on yorkist side called traitor
-publically rewarded key supporters
-arranged supporters to detain Elizabeth of York Edward v1 daughter and earl of Warwick as had good claim to throne
-appointed key people to council and household
HENRYS AIMS
-make sure Reginald Gary chancellor of duchy of Lancaster and sir William Stanley chamberlain of household
EARL OF WARWICK-SON duke clarende,Edwards v1 brother
tower London 1485 and plotted with perkin warbeck 1499 and beheaded
SIR WILLIAM STANLEY-brother of Thomas Stanley and henrys step uncle rewarded lord chamberlain after battle
gave him political influence and he could develop estate in chesire
later accused treason
-arrange coronation 30 October before meeting parliament 7 nov SHOWED RIGHT TO THRONE BASED ON HEREDITORY RIGHT NOT JUST. ECAUSE PARLIAMENT SANCTOONED IT
-parliament acts of attainder done-against torkists who fought bosworth
why-property went to crow and they granted tonnage and poundage for life
Henrys aims
-Married Elizabeth of York despite previously detaining her
daughter Edward 1v jan 1486
he did this after consolidating power as didn't look like crown due to wife's marriage
made Tudor rose
-sep 1489 birth son Arthur
HOW THIS HELPED ESTABLISH TUDOR DYNASTY
not huge amount-a lot yorkists unhappy with marriage and thought him a usurper
other claimants to throne like earl warwick
quite a lot threats-eg.pretneders of neohews in tower edward v or Richard , Margaret of burgundy Ed v1 and Richard 111 sister and she was duchess of burgundy and had funds enabling her to encourage the yorkist claimants
Rebellions
VISCOUNT LOVELL AND THE STAFFORDS 1486
led by-FRANCIS VISCOUNT LOVELL AND HUMPHREY STAFFORD
lovell Richard supporter
lovell raised one in north riding of yorkshire
stafford tried raise forces against Henry in mid;ands
Lovell espies kings forces Stafford executed and brother Thomas pardoned
overall easily suppressed
Lambert and Simnel and rebellion of earl Lincoln
Yorkist rebels knew needed knew strategy
needed someone to use as a 'yorkist prince' and financial support for military army
used LAMBERT SIMNEL AS 'EARL OF WARWICK'-who was impriosned by Henry and crowned king Ireland 1487
john de la pole put Plan together earl of Lincoln
HOW HENRY REPSONDED
-EXHIBITED REAL ERAL WARWICK
'Lincoln joined love;l at Margaret of burgundy's court in Netherlands and persuaded her to get mercenaries to invade England
henry reinstated earl Northumberland to power in northern despite him initially leading Richard 11 army in battle
ensured Howard family had no intention joining conspiracy as Northumberland their descnedant
Lambert etc
reinforced coastal defences east s glia
BUT EEBELS LANDED CUMBERLAND TO GET SUPPORT IN RICHARDS SUPPORTIVE LAND
BUT GENTRY OF NORTH RIDING DUDNT COMMIT THEMSELVES TO THEM
BATTLE IF STOKE FIELD 1487
TWO ARMIES MET EAST STOKE NITTINGHAMSHIRE
'HE RY UNCONFIDENT
BUT ARMY EFFECTED UNDER ERAL OXFORD-LINCOLN KILLED
WHY THIS WIN SIGNIFICANT?
position safer,overcame by skills military leadership landowners etc
not that harsh to those opposing him and developed policy BONDS OF GOOD BEHAVOUR-ensured landlord well behaved or faced financial ruin
Perkin and warbeck imposture
Warbeck-cloth trader from Flanders and irritant to Henry over 8 years -during claimed to be Richard duke of York and gathered patronage from foreign rulers made him a potentially serious threat
WHAT HAPPENED
1491 impersonated Richard doy Ireland
how-after being forced from France fled to maragret of burgundy and trained as yorkist prince and draw eng courtiers into his conspiracies
when he landed in England 1495 Henry warned by sir Robert Clifford, a royal agent, and warbeck quickly defeated and fled James 1v of Scotland
ALTHOUGH IT COULD HAVE STILL BEEN AN ISSUE AS SIR WILLIAM STANLEY CONSPIRATORS ACCUMPLICE HARDED ROYAL HOUSEHOLD AND COULD HAVE HLPED
Perkin warbeck
1496 small Scot force crossed borde Ron warbeck behalf but then retracted
James accosted Henrys offer to marry his daughter Margaret so no longer support warbeck
final attempt or exploit throne-tried to exploit uncertainties caused by Cornish rebellion 1497 but forces crushed and he surrendered
Henry out him in court then to tower after trying abscond
tried to esa;e with ERAL fo Warwick-both accused treason and executed
THIS WAS CONVINIENT FOR HENRY AS COULD GET RID OF EARL WARWICK
had big yorkist claimant to throne but he was considerably innocent victim as only 10 at battle Bosworth spent most life in confinement until. Death 1499
Edmund de la pole earl of Suffolk and Richard de l
Fled to Suffolk 1498 returned but then fled again 1501 and seemed Enugu emperor Maximilian
'Suffolk safe as long as Margaret burgundy opposed to Henry v11
BUT TRATT WINDSOR 1506 FRIDNLER REALTIONS MAXIMILLIAN GAVE UP SUFFOLK
PUT IN TOWER
HENRY V111 HAD HIM EXECUTED TREASON 1513
HENRYS GOVERNMENT
THE COUNCIL
THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS
-ADVISE HENRY
-ADMINISTER REALM ON KINGS BEHALF
-MAKE LEGAL JUDGEMENTS
THREE MAIN TYPES OF COUNCILLORS
MEMBER OF NOBILITY-LORD DAUBENEY
CHURCHMEN-JOHN MORTON GOOD ADMINISTRATORS
LAYMEN-GENTRY OR LAWYERS-SKILLED ADMINISTRATORS EG SIR REGINALD. FAY AND EDMUND DUDLEY
The council
JOHN MORTON
chirch,an and lawyer worked against Richard 111 promoted by Henry archbishop Canterbury 1486 and cardinal 1493
SIR REGINALD BRAY
faithful servant of Henrys helped raise funds for battle
title CHNACELLOR OF DUCHY OF LANCASTER-BODY OF PROPERTYBELONGED KING HUT FOR ALLY DUKES GRANTED POSTSTIP S WITHIN DUCHY TO TRUSTED SERVANTS
'MARGARET BEAUFORT
married Edmund Tudor 1455 gave birth Henry age 14 third husband lord Thomas Stanley important adviser to Henry large land Northamptonshire
The council
no established rules
core membership and dearl with key administrative concerns when king not present
e.g bray and Dudley
memebers met separately or two meetings same time etc
'importance of councillors depend on Dudley etc and the council learned
THE GREAT COUNCIL-GATHERIMG OF HOUSE LORDS WITHOUT COMMONS
occasional not per,sent body only met 5 times during reign issues with war or rebellion for. Actionable security
The council
THE COUNCIL LEARNED
councils main offshoot developed second half Reign initially under brays leadership
met duchy Lancaster
To maintain kings revenue and exploit prerogative rights-rights monarch exercise without parliament consent -
made system of bo de and recognizability cues work effectively
modern historian Thomas penn argued council leanred caused fear and frustration as bypassed legal system
BUT WAS EXPRESSION OF KINGS WILL AND SO IMPORTANT FOR HIM TO MAINATIN HIS AUTHORITY
The council
Brays associate in council learned RCIHARD EMPSON A BUREAUCRAT JAD RITHLESS APRACH THAT DEFINED COUNCIL LEARNED
BRAYS DEATH 1503-EMPOSN JOINED BY EDMUND DUDLEY
THEY EXTRACTED MOMEY FROM KINGS FINANCES TO FINE ART
CREATED ENEMIES LIKE THOMAS LOVELL
empson etc gotten rid of after Henrys death and brought rejoicing in streets showed how feared their finically policies were
The council
SIR RICHARD EMPOSN 1450-1510
MEMBER KINGS COUNCIL FROM 1494 later chaired council learned
arrested after Henrys death and charged treason and executed
EDMUND DUDLEY 1462-1510
PROMINET AFTER DEATH OF BRAY
role to exploit financial opportunities and consequently made a lot enemies
Court and household
Tudors relied heavily on royal court was centre of government
henry influenced by courts in burgundy and France
wealthy displayed power royal court had to be magnificent
always with king and focus of personal monarchy and place where power of <onarch demonstrated to all courtiers
rewards distributed to courtiers
fright to revive free food and could gain support of king
Court
Levels to court
-household proper-looked after king guests arc and provided catering etc
-chamber-presided over by lord chamberlain-experinced nobleman member of council and personal fiend to king had political power- chmabetlain and courtiers very influential
1495 lord chamberlain lord William Stanley involved treasonable plot qith perkin warbeck so Henry REMODELLED CHMABER CREATED NEW PRIVY CHMABER WHERE AMONGTS MOST INTIMATE SERVANTS
HARDER FOR PEOPLE GAIN HIS SUPPORT
Parliament
Comprising house lords and commons but only met occasionally so not central to gov
2 main functions
1-pass laws 2-grant taxation to crown
also had subsidiary function where local issues and grievances passed to kings officials by local members parliament
only king called parliament and called total 7 in reign 5 in first years reign
initially concerned with national security issues and rarising revenue e.g acts of attainder -decalred individuals guilty without them going through trial if dead property would be forfeit to the crown
fisrt parliament granted tonnage and poundage -customs revenue-
other parliaments granted extraordinary revenue to enable king wage war
Parliament
most Common form extraordinary revenue-fifteenths and tenths-stnadard form taxation paid by towns and boroughs to crowns
fractional taxes of fifteenths an tenths made 1487 1489 etc yielded 203,00 pounds
final parliament 1504 limited demand for er
Domestic policy -justice and maintenance of order
King had to maintain law and order as could lead to rebellions
the number of magnates-great nobles- reduced during wor and lands give to crown
most magnate Control north of England like to Stanley's and earl Northumberland
1489 death of these meant Henry released yorkist earl of Surrey from tower to rule north. -high risk as a Richard supporter but he proved his loyalty
elsehwere in country relied on earl oxford lord daub he et. Who didn't have a lot faith in so used spies and imposed bonds and recognizances
Jps
Maintained order at local level in countryside
met 4x year administer justice through quarter sessions
most local gentry-done by sense of duty or thought would lead to increase in local prestige
acts parliament passed to increase responsibilities
responsible for-tax assessments alehouse regulations and law and order
Bonds and recognizances
How Henry mainly restored law and order
some genuine debt owed and some purely political'
Domestic policy-improving royal finances
Crown lands
profits from feudal dues and exercise of royal prerogative
customs revenue
pensions from other powers
profits of justice
extraordinary revenue '
these enabled a lot money left Henry v111
CROWN LANDS -Henry biggest land owner and had rental income
when initially reigned income dropped £12000 per year as money was administered via ineffective court if exchequer
but 1492 he decide go back to how Edwards system ran-administration through chamber where policies made-end reign £42000 year -thanks to Thomas lovell
Profits from feudal dues and exercise of royal pre
Increased profits from wardship-ENBALED CROWN GET MONEY FROM PROPERTY HELD BY MINOR
PARLIAMENT GRANTED FEUDAL AID-RIGHT WHERE CFOSN IMPE TAX ON TENANTS FOR KNIGHTING OF ELDEST SON THE MARRIAGE OF ELDEST DAUGHTER KT RANSOM A LORD 1504
STATUE OF USES 1489 MENAT NO WAY GETTING OUT OF IT-LAW TOMPREVENT LANDED PROPERTY TURNED TO TRUSTS WICH WOULD HAVE AVOIDED TAX
Other sources of revenue
CUSTOMS REVENUE-TONNAGE AND OUNDAGE increase in rev from £34000-38000
PENSIONS FROM OTHER POWERS-treaty of estaples 1492 french agreed pay Henry 5000 per annum
PROFITS OF JUSTICE-fines and bonds
EXTRAORDINARY REVENUE-he revived over 400,000
but this provoke rebellion 1489 and 1497 and Henry had to stop parliament using method to raise money
e.g.1489 parliament 75000 and convocation of Canterbury 25000
total 300000 jewels and 10000 cash
estimated 1,800.000
alot of victims to policies landowners-he would need their support if his throne threatened
but policies they didn't like
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