Component 1 Section A

Williams (1983) = suggests that culture is a way of life - criticised for being too simplistic

Woodward (2000) = however states that culture is based on shared norms, values and practices

Bourdieu (1984) = there is a distinct difference between high culture and popular culture based on the power of those supporting it

Media; 

• Youths spend, on average, 4 hours a day in front of the TV, 91% have a mobile phone and 80% have social media
• Mulvey (1975) = "male gaze" - camera eyes up the woman and encourages the audience to access their bodies and attractiveness
• Jock Young (2007) = "bullimic society" - constant hunger and desire to binge on consumer goods; Hypodermic model and Drip-Drip model

Peer groups; 

• Tony Sewell (2000) = "cultural comfort zones" - associate with those who are similar to us (African-Carribean boys)

Religion;

• Not important = Attitudes survey = 69% didn't identify with a religion in 2006
• Is important = Modood (2001) religion is central to Asian communities 

Workplace; 

• Waddington (1999) = "canteen culture" - set of norms and values people are socialed to accept - resocialisation 

• Moodood (1997) = African-Carribeans living in the UK were most likely to mention skin colour as being part of their ethnicity, but suggests that British minority ethnic group identies are changing
• Anderson (1983) = a nation is an "imagined community" and national identity is therefore "socially constructed" through symbols 
• Stuart Hall (1999) = countries reactions to globalisation; cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resitance  

Family; 

• Bhatti = studied Muslim families and found that there was an emphasis on family loyalty and maintaining traditional practices
• Butler = studied a group of teenage Muslim girls and found that family was important in shaping their identity 

Education;

• Mason (2005) = schools are becoming ethnocentric - viewing other cultures from a white perspective
• Mocen Yaseen = Muslim schools are offering postive Muslim role models
• Johal and Bains = "dual identities" = MEG's code switch - white mask at school, normal at home

Peers; 

• Tony Sewell (2000) = peer pressure is influential in EI (African-Carribean youth = hyper-male)

• Connell (1995) = traditional set of gender roles - hegemonic masculinities and femininities; hegemonic masculinties, complicit Masculinties, marginalised masculintities and subordinate masculinities 
• Stalham = by the age of 5, children have an idea of their gender through the process of certain codes; colour codes, toy codes, appearance codes, play codes, control codes
• Sue Sharpe (liberal feminist) = 1970's girls had the idea that being a woman was defined by marriage and husbands. This changed in the 90's to career and education 
• Billingham (1998) = studied how males and females are studied in the media - men are muscular, in suits and have mechanical roles. Women are however sexual objects, the "damsel in distress" and only care about shopping
• There has since been a "genderquake" - Wilkinson (1994) = women more focussed on career and Connell (1995) = men are more emotional 

• Weeks (1991) = homosexuality is more complex as some have had same-sex encounters but don't consider themselves as homosexual 
• Reiss (1961) = studied "rent boys" (male prostitutes) and found that although they had had sex with other men they didn't identify as gay 
• Rich (1980) (radical feminist) = women's sexuality has been oppressed by the patriarchy and argues that women are not inherently straight but are forced to be 

Upper class;

• Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) = "social closure" - upper class lives are invisible to us

Middle class; 

• The non-manual workers (lawyers, doctors, etc)

Working class; 

• Hutton (1995) = because of the decline in traditional working class, the idenity of the traditional working class has become less important - deposables 

Underclass;

• Charles Murray (1984) = the feckless, work-shy and immoral group - children of them are incorrectly socialised and don't follow the consensus of society
• Paksulki and Walters (1996) = argue that because of the shift from production to consumption "class is dead"

Childhood; 

• Postman (1982) = argues this term emerged when there was a need for children to be shielded from certain aspects of adulthood 

Youth;

Margret Mead (1928) = some stresses of youth are not found in all cultures and so is culturally relative, meaning it is a socially constructed term 

YA-MA;

• Bradley (1996) = middles ages have a higher status than young adults because they have more power - negative term = "midlife crisis" 

Old age;

• Corner (1999) = the elderly view themselves negatively as they are portrayed poorly in the media

• Disability Discimination Act passed in 1995, but is it useful? 33% increase in disability hate crimes across England and Wales in 2017/18
• Shakespeare (1994) = the "medical model" and "social model" - the two approaches of being disabled