achieved- influenced by personal skills, abilities & efforts. It is a choice (e.g. student)
ascribed- doesn't involve much choice, it's given whether earned or not (e.g. human)
assigned- given to us by another, a senior group member (e.g. a rank in the forces)
assumed- adopted by our own intiative or lack of. (e.g. girlfriend)
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Primary groups
Schein (1980) defines primary groups as any number of people who: interact with each other, psychologically aware of each other, percieve themselves as a group
They tend to be seen as: having regular contact, fairly small (20 max), involving co-operation, sharing common goals, knowing who all members of the group are, general idea of everyones roles in the group are.
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Secondary groups
Larger and more impersonal (school, county): don't know everyones name, don't share common goals
There are primary groups within secondary groups
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Reference groups
Set the norms of how we are meant to live by
comparisons which help us develop our personal behaviours and social attitudes
can be positive and negative (like role models)
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Stages in group development
Argyle (1983) described 4 stages in the life and work of groups:
formation
rebellion
norming
co-operation
Tucker (1965) had already termed the stages: forming, storming, norming and performing.
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Social identity theory
Social identity theory
IN and OUT groups. IN groups are your positively viewed groups and OUT groups are the negatively viewed groups.
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Goals within groups
Goals within groups
Extrinsic- money, social recognition
Intrinsic- self concept needs, community and belonging
Task
Socio-emotional
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Group leadership styles
Lewin (1939) identified 3 different styles of leadership: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire
autocratic (authortarian); leader makes decisions without consulting group, can be successful
democratic; leader involves the group in decision making, leader may have final say or sometimes it is a vote, group members tend to appreciate this type of leadership more than the autocratic style, problems can arise when there is a wide range of opinions
Laissez-faire; (french phase meaning let do); minimises leaders involvement, decision made by anyone in the group, leader would only get involved when asked, can work when group capable of making their own decisions
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