Communication Disorders
0.0 / 5
- Created by: MollyNobbs
- Created on: 06-01-18 16:21
Structure of the Brain
- Left Brain
- Logic
- Reason
- Objective
- Verbal
- Self-oriented
- Categorical
- Detail focused
- Purposefulness
- Mimicry
- Right Brain
- Intuition
- Emotions
- Subjective
- Visual
- Group orientated
- Relational
- Creativity
1 of 17
Structure of the Brain
- Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
- Four lobes are recognised within each hemisphere and different functions are associated with different lobes
- Lobes are networked together, not independent units
- Injury in one can cause a weakness in another
- Lobes in the Left Hemisphere
- Frontal Lobe: production (Broca's Area)
- Parietal Lobe: sensations
- Temporal Lobe: comprehension (Wernicke's Area)
- Occipital Lobe: vision, body language and reading
- A lesion to the Left Hemisphere will affect communicative ability
- Hemispheres are in contralateral relationship
- Left Hemisphere controls right side of body
- Right Hemisphere controls left side of body
2 of 17
Left Hemisphere Dominance
- Wada Test
- Neuro-radiologist puts one side of your brain to sleep for a few minutes
- Inject an aesthetic medication into the right or left internal carotid artery
- If left side is injected, person cannot produce language
- Split Brain
- When split brain patients are shown an image in left visual field or hold something in left hand, they cannot vocally name it
- Dichotic Listening
- First response to auditory stimilus, from right ear which directly transfer to left hemisphere
- Paralysis on right side of body
3 of 17
Causes of Brain Pathology
- Disease of Genetic Origin
- Interference with neural development (Downs Syndrome)
- Congenital Malformation
- Any strcutural defects in the nervous system present at birth such as Spina Bifida
- Nervous system hasnt matured
- Vascular Lesion
- Interference in the normal blood supply to the brain, bruising of the infant skull, reduced oxygen supply during delivery, embolism, stroke, carbon monoxide poisoning
- Trauma Injury
- Fall, blow to the head, impact injury as in a road accident
- Infection caused by bacteria
- Bacteria, viruses, fungi as in meningitis
- Imflammation of membranous covering of brain and spinal chord
- Abnormal cell growth: Tumour
- Metabolic, nutritional and toxic disorders
- Epliepsy, schizophrenia, DTs
- Dementia which follows prolonged alcohol misuse
- Degenerative conditions
- Ageing, abnormal ageing of the brain systems as in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
4 of 17
Stroke
- Brain is totally dependant on bloody supply
- Clot/bullet/rupture - cerebrovascular accident
- Hemiparesis
- Weakening of the limbs
- Hemiplegia
- Complete paralysis
- Hemianopia
- Loss of vision in 1/2 of visual field
- Typically right hand side
- Aphasia (Dyphasia)
- Focal brain damage to the language centres
- Communication disorder caused by brain damage
- Characterised by complete or partial impairment of language comprehension, formulation, use
- Temporal lesion: Wernickes Aphasia
- Lack of comprehension
- Therapist words are echoed
- Little concept of object-label link
- Own sentences are unrelated to current theme
5 of 17
Wernicke's Aphasia + Broca's Aphasia
- Wernicke's Aphasia
- Sentences start but lead nowhere
- Confident, definite intonation
- Unawareness of the condition, person seems happy
- Pragmatic breakdown
- Hard for participants
- Dont realise you cant understand
- Broca's Aphasia
- More common than Wernicke's Aphasia
- Opposite
- Frontal lesion
- Predominantly expressive, productive, motor, encoding
- Non fluent
- Relevant answers are given
- Comrehension relatively okay
- Less stressful for participants
- Problems with output
- Grammar: incomplete utterances
- Agrammatic speech
6 of 17
Broca's Aphasia 2
- Broca's Aphasia
- Intonation units are short with lots of pauses
- 'I can't say it' - involuntary
- Participant needs to respond
- Word finding difficulties
- Tip of the tongue
- Person is aware of limitations
- Broca's Aphasia
- Damage can't be repaired
- Some natural improvement
- Bruising diminishes
- Best results usually within 6 months
- Makes most of existing abilities
- Individual therapy programme
- Speech therapy for communicative needs
- Social worker: adapt new circumstances
- School/carer opportunities
- Occupational help
- Financial help
7 of 17
Neurological Problems
- Agnosia
- Perceptual disorder in which sensation is preserved but the ability to recognise a stimulus or know its meaning is lost
- Dyspraxia
- Neurological brain disorder in which messages from the brain to the muscles are disrupted
- Can affect many different functions such as writing and speaking
- Motor planning and execution disorder
- Dysarthria
- Motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor speech system and is characterised by poor articulation of phonemes
- Nervous System
- A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal chord to various parts of the body
- Comprises the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
8 of 17
Causes of Neurological Disorders
- Same range of causes as Aphasia
- Neurological diseases are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system
- The brain, spinal chord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction and muscles
- Epilepsy
- Alzheimer disease and other dementias
- Cerebrovascular diease including strokes
- Migraine and other headache disorders
- Multiple sclerosis
- Parkinson's disease
- Trauma
- Tumour
- Infections
9 of 17
Agnosia
- Brain cannot recognise similar objects, despite adequate sensory input
- Auditory
- Difficulty identifying two instances of the same word
- Pure word deafness
- Develop when the sound processing region of the brain is disconnected from its language centres
- Reading, speaking and writing can be unaffected
- Dont recognise sounds, cant translate them
- Can impact just one component of language
- Agnosia vs Wernicke's
- Agnosia: cant recognise sounds, cant translate them, recognition
- Wernicke's: cant recognise sounds but they dont know what they mean, interpretation
10 of 17
Dyspraxia
- DIfficulty in making and/or coordinating the precise movements required for the production of clear speech
- The person knows that they want to say but lacks control over the muscles required to perform the activity
- Involuntary activities seem unaffected
- No major neuro-physical or neuromuscular disability
- It is a disturbance of encoding (production) that is free of impairment of decoding (comprehension)
- Sequencing Problem
- Coordination
- Timing
- When frustrated they can say it - involuntary
- Characteristics of speech
- Hard to work out what the person wants to say
- No paralysis
- Ability to repeat a sequence of sounds is reduced
- Errors are inconsistent
- Perseveration may occur
- Erratic production of sounds
11 of 17
Dyspraxia 2
- Similar to child language
- More difficulty with consonants
- Single consonants easier than clusters
- Clusters
- Omitted, substitutions, additions
- Place errors more common than manner or voice
- Problem is at a phonological level
- Rhythm is often slow and erratic
- There are problems atarting words, they can stutter
- They can select the word they want but they cant form the sounds in sequence
12 of 17
Broca's Aphasia vs Dyspraxia
- Broca's Aphasia
- Cant say what you want to say
- Lost the grammar
- Word finding difficulties
- Dyspraxia
- Grammar and vocabulary can be selected but there are problems with ordering sound sequences
- Word selection is fine
- No issues until putting sounds in
13 of 17
Dysarthria
- Speech disorder arising from damage to the nervous system and manifests as poor motor control
- Breathing, phonation, resonance, articulation
- Affects speech production
- Physical problem
- Disturbance in voluntary control
- Vocal tract muscles are impaired
- May have problems moving the tongue - vowels
- Effort to imitate words
- Consistent difficulties
- May have no control over soft palate
- Flat prosody and slurred sequencing
- Facial grimaces
- Weakened muscles
- Self concious
- Bullying
- Hard to live knowing it wont pass
14 of 17
Dysarthria vs Dyspraxia
- Both Dysarthria and Dyspraxia have a nervous system aetiology and difficulty in communicating on the productive side but with Dysarthria:
- The vocal tract muscles are impaired
- Non target forms will be consistent
- Within range, there will be no difficulty controlling vocal organs
- Speech is slow and laboured
- No different between automatic and volitional speech
- Substitution errors are rare
- All aspects of speech are affected in Dysarthria, but only articulation is affected in Dyspraxia
- Dysarthria
- Often associated with conditions such as Cerebral Palsy and Parkinson's Disease
- Variety of problems, varies in degree
- Cerebral Palsy
- Group of disorders affecting a persons ability to move
- Developmental problem
- Posture, listening, hearing, breathing, voice, articulation, language
15 of 17
Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis
- Parkinson's Disease
- Progressive neurological condition
- Rigidity of movement and tremour
- Dysarthric symptoms
- Depressive symptoms
- Deficits in word finding
- Weakness in organisation of verbal information and memory
- Associated with the elderly
- Can come on at any age
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Progressive neurological disease
- Subtle language problems
- Brain fog
- Word finding difficulties
- Dysarthric problems
- Memory issues
- Not cognitively impaired
16 of 17
Assessment and Plan
- Individual therapy plan from a variety of sources
- Generla physical assessment
- Evaluative communicative status and recommend course of treatment
- Problem-nature-severity-communicative performance
- Medical
- Alleviate cause (pharmaceutical)
- Surgical
- Operation
- Prosthetic
- Construct lift for weakened soft palate
- Behavioural
- Modify neuro-muscular events
- Palliative
- Lessen effect by acceptance
- Alternative mode
- Communication aids
- No cure
- Aim for the best each can achieve
- Optimum method of communication and acceptance of the condition
17 of 17
Related discussions on The Student Room
- SLT or nursing, or both? »
- Is my active listening bad or is there something wrong? »
- Studying Russian language »
- Guide: Which Language Should I Study? »
- Please may someone mark my Macbeth English essay »
- Are my BTEC's valid if I fail GCSE English Language? »
- 5 careers for Working with Children, Young People & Families graduates »
- Experimental Psychology at Oxford Uni »
- Are doctors always right? »
- Autism and Occupational Health Clearance »
Similar English Language resources:
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
4.0 / 5 based on 1 rating
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made