Cold environments

Cold Environments...

Places that experience temperatures at or below 0 degrees for long time periods.

Polar:

Inland

Avarage monthly temperatures of 0 degrees or below - snow and ice.

Totally or partially ocvered with Ice Caps.

Animals: Polar Bears - thick coat to retain heat, insulation layer of fat, black feet and nose absorb sun heat.

Tundra:

N. Hemisphere (Russia, N. Canada) - 1/5 of earths land 

Permenantly frozen ground, Treesless - only shrubs and moss.

Animals: Arctic fox and hare, birds and insects in summer

Svalbard...

N.E from United Kingdom.

Norweigan sea

In Europe

Longitude: -15 degrees east

Maximum temperature: 7 degrees c

Minimum temperature: -16 degrees c

Avarage temperature: - 6.75 degrees c

Max precipitation: 24mm

Min precipitation: 7mm

Tourism - 

well known for stunning landscapes

Negative tourist imapcts to a minimum in order to prevent damage to ecosystems and environments

2007 - 211 people working in tourism sector

2007 - Revenue of £30,000 or 317 million NOK

Activities: Hiking, Kayaking, dog-sled safari, glaciar caves.

Traffic strongly concentrated between march and August.

Overnight stays - quintupled from 1991 to 2008 - 93,000 overnight guests.

Cruise ships - main transport. All boats over 24 meters need to have a pilot incase they crash into fjord and spilling oil, endangering wildlife and ecosystems.

Coal Mining - 

2007 - 484 people working in mining sector.

Revenue (2007) - £192,000,000 (2.008 billion NOK)

Most housing on the island rented to employees.

2011 - 20 year plan to develop off shore oil and gas recources.

Fishing - 

patch of ocean claimed for fishing purposes so it does not get pollouted by boats, e.g cruises.

with temperatures as low as -16 degrees can damage machienery e.g wind turbine - frozen. 

Transport - foul conditions on roads, icey, snow. Hard for commuters.

Housing - if employment rates increased, more housing would need to be built

damage to local ecosystems and habitats.

Global warming - can limit amount of work, air polloution and sound polloution need to be kept to a minimum as animals are protected. e.g ice melt destorys ecosysytems (polar bear) 

snow melt, rising sea levels

Many others are being damaged 

melting

endangering wildlife

Mining is key in cold environments lots of minerals - if they melt  harder to mine.

Fishing - migrate to colder seas if the sea temp rises - no fish limiting profit and trade. 

Nature reserves - protect animals, maintain correct temperature, reduce extinction chances.

Govournement - limit how many fossil fuels are burnt each day as these create air polloution and release carbon dioxide which warms planet as it is a greenhouse gas. 

International agreements - reduce gloabl warming e.g public transport, solar panels, electric cars, bikes, recycling