Conrad (1964)
Conrad used strings of letters to investigate short-term memory. A typical string has to be letters of irrelevance for Example; BBQ or BBC Would not be in the string of letters.
These letters were shown on screen for approximatley three quaters of a second.
The errors in recall were very interesting; The letters V, B and P were mixed up quite frequently. Conrad claimed it was the sound of the letters that mattered in encoding in the STM. Eventhough they were shown on a screen, the visual information must have been changed into sound on the way to the subjects' memory for such errors to occur.
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