Volcanic activity
If a volcanic eruption is large and explosive enough ash and gas can rise and spread around the earth, in the stratosphere, by high level winds.
The blanket of ash and gas stop some sunlight reaching the earths surface and reflects it back into space.
This means that the planet is cooled and the temperature is lowered. In general the climate will only be affected for a few years.
Orbital changes
The earth's orbit changes very gradually over a long period of time, and can affect the amount of sunlight that reaches the earth and where the sunlight falls. The three way the orbit changes:
The earth's orbit is sometimes circular, and sometimes more of an eclipse.
The earth's axis tilt and means the earth can sometimes be more upright and sometimes be more on its side.
The earth's axis wobbles.
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