Unit 3

• China is filled with natural resources of oil and gas.
• The location of China is beneficial as it has access to potential markets and trades routes.
• There's a growing number of people moving from rural to urban areas, the unemployment rate is at 25%, so the workers are paid the lowest in the world. Companies won't be in short demand of workers and can give them low wages.
• The government now allows foreign companies to invest in China.
• Education has risen over the years, so China has a lot of skilled and unskilled workers.
• In China, 20% of industries are privately owned.
• New roads have been built which is advantageous to companies and factories.
• Large comapnies now have their goods manufactured in LIC's and sold in HIC's cheaply and efficiently.
• Companies which manufacture in China: Dell, Nestle, Adidas, Ford, LG, Best Buy and Audi.

They unveiled a $2 billion package o boost fertility rate on 21st January 2013.The 'Marriage and Parenthood ' package introduced by Teo Chee Hean (Deputy Minister in charge of population policies).It includes:

• housing priority,
• two weeks paid paternity leave and 16 weeks maternity leave,
• better childcare,
• a Medisave account,
• bigger baby bonus,
• financial aid to help conceive.

From August 2012, the 1st baby and 2nd baby would get £6000 each in three installments. 50% would be given at birth, 25% at 6 months and another 25% at 1 year.This is to target a fertility rate of 1.4 to 1.5.

Population density is spread unevenly across China. The west is sparely populated. The east and coastal area of China is more densely populated.In China, the richer areas which have more industries have higher population densities. These areas are accessible with good communication links which has encouraged the growth of industry and population.

In 1970, the Chinese government introduced a strategy for coastal economic development. This led to rapid economic development along the South-East  coastal area which drew in workers making it ow the densely populated region based around Shanghai.

On the coastline of China around Shanghai, the population density is highest compared to the rest of the country. This can create transport links which massively impacts the distribution of people.Provinces such as Hong Kong and Tianjin hold a lot of factories which attract a lot of potential workers.

• Economic: Good Transport routes and large markets to the rest of the world.
• Political: Government encourage people to live in rural areas because of population in areas around factories.
• Social: People live in cluttered conditions in urban areas, they have a low standard of living.

Lowland areas are easier to farm and build settlements. On mountainous areas are to steep to farm on and difficult to build on.

The sparsest population areas are the mountains over 2000m and the desert areas. They have a population density of less than ten people per square kilometre and are found in West China. There are no large settlements in arid desert areas or the very wet and cold mountains.

• Water Supply: Areas with a reliable water source tend to be more densely populated. Areas with unreliable source of water tend to be sparsely populated as shown on the map where the yellow-coloured areas are more likely to have an unreliable water source.
• Resource: China is full of resources such as coal and oil. Companies use this to build and run factories which attract more potential workers into the area.
• Climate: Moderate climates with enough rain and warm temperatures to ripen crops. On the other hand, certain types of weather can make cultivation impossible.

The climate of China is very diverse, from temperature to tropical and from arid to monsoonal. Large cities like Shanghai and Beijing don't get extreme climates and is a reason for their massive population growth.

• Migrants need housing so many inner city areas were regenerated.
• Some schools have many Polish children,so they started to teach Polish history.
• In some Catholic churches, masses are held in Polish with standing room only.
• Migrants are making the workforce younger, helping to ease the country's pension burden.
• The average migrant worker earns £20,000 per year, £6000-£7000 is disposable income which adds to consumer spending.
• Migrant workers are prepared to do jobs that others aren't.

• The Scottish government proclaims it has a baby boom, in the first three months of 2007, births went up by 650 over the first quarter of 2006 many of which were to migrants mothers.
• There has been a rise in support for the BNP from tension rising between migrants and locals.
• In Cambridgeshire, the police had to deal with 100 different languages, costing £800,000 in translators.
• 27,000 child benefit applications were approved, some for children living outside the country.

• The increase in salaries gave people a higher standard of living.
• Anout 100 scientists and researchers have received a £5000 one-off payment, equal to ten months of pay.
• In 2007, average salaries went up by 9% due to the shortage of migrants.

• The birth rate  decreased due to the average age of migrants being in the reproductive age.
• Patients' lives are being put at risk due to the shortage of anaesthetists, so some have to deal with two operations at once.
• Many villages suffer from depopulation and the older generations are being left behind.
• In 2005, 10% of jobs in the construction industry couldn't be filled and this was 35% by 2007 due to the shortage of workers caused by migration.

• The main current affairs magazine Polityka has launched an incentive scheme called 'Stay With Us' aimed at young academics.
• Legislation drafted to persuade young migrants to return by offering them higher salaries.

• As they don't speak good English, they might have unfair wages as employers might take advantage of it.
• Poland is a much more rural area than England, so it's difficult to adjust to the noise of the English city life. It can lead stress and many return to Poland because of homesickness.
• Houses are generally bigger in Poland. So when Polish migrants come to England, they tend to live in small flats or terrace houses which they find very cramped.
• The changing exchanging rate, it fluctuates if the pound loses value to the zloty. So, the money earned in England isn't worth as much in Poland.
• The education system in England is different compared to Poland and some children find it difficult to adjust it.There are also cultural differences which can lead to bullying.
• They can't a find a job and end up homeless on the street, unable to go back to Poland.

• There are classes available all over the country where they can learn basic English.
• Polish immigrants are the one of the largeest ethnic groups in the UK. Boroughs of Acton, Balham, Brixton, Ealing, Earls Court and Hammersmith are known as 'Polish towns'.
• They spend less time in their flats. They put up with the conditions so they can save money to take back to Poland.
• The exchange rate has been favourable in the past and might return to a favourable position in the future.
• There are more Polish children, so Polish history and culture is taught. There are 50 'Polish Saturday Schools', organized by the Polish Educational Society.

Ashwell is a village in north Hertfordshire near the Cambridgeshire border.

A large proportion of Ashwell works outside the village. There's a demand for rural housing from people who wish to move out of urban areas. The population was declining but the electrification of the railway made it 40 minutes away from Central London. Ashwell retained most of its services anf functions so lots of people are able to enjoy amenities. In 1970, 25 houses would house 100 but now it needs 35 houses.

There were several of older traditional agricultural buildings. New housing was built after the 1980's, modern buildings are often cheaper to build than barn conversions.Ashwell's railway station is a key factor in its rising population. But the bus station suffers because people generally use the car to commute.

Ageing Population structure- life expectancy has increased. The socio-economic status changed as one-fifth of village is retired. There's a good range of shops in Ashwell but residents rely on services elsewhere as well. The increase in housing demand puts pressure on the water supply. There's also an increase in congestion and car emissions.

There's an increasing gap in between those who can afford the rising cost of housing and communting and those on low wages who are unable to afford housing.