Atoms can gain a full outer shell by sharing their outer electrons
This happens between non-metal atoms and is called a covalent bond
The covalent bonding arises from the electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the atoms and the electrons shared between them
This is stronger than the repulsion force between the two nuclei
The attraction holds the covalent bond together
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Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonding involves a metal and a non-metal. The metal atom gives electron(s) a way to become a positively charged ion. The non-metal gains electron(s) to become a negatively charged ion. The ions are then held together by the force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
Ionic Substances
opposite ions attract
the ions attract these opposites from all directions
they create an ionic lattice
Ionic and Covalent - similarities
bond to make fulll outer shell
don't conduct heat well
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Ionic Equation example
Pb2+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) -> Pb(NO3)2 (s)
Li + (aq) + Cl- (aq) -> LiCl (s)
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Giant Ionic Structures
Ionic - gain or lose electrons, non-metal and metal ions
Soluble
Conducts electricity and heat
High melting and boiling point
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Earths Spheres
Spheres from inside going outwards
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
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Definitions
Solution
formed when a solid, liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent
Soluble
when a solute dissolves in a solvent
Insoluble
when a solute does not dissolve in a solvent
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How to know which ion it is
Calcium or Zinc
Calcium is insoluble in excess NaOH
Zinc is soluble in excess NaOH
Sulphate ion
React it with barium ions
Carbonate ion
React it with dilute acid
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How to work out percentage mass
Mass of question / total mass x 100 = percentage mass
Example
121 / 160 x 100 = 70%
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Definitions and Atoms keyword
Malleable
capable of being hammered or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking
Ductile
capable of being drawn into thin wires or sheets without breaking
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