Charles I .vs. Cromwell/ Republican Rule
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- Created by: Polaris03
- Created on: 19-01-20 17:12
Charles I and Finance
- 1630 - Charles signed Treaty of Madrid w/ Spain, ending hostilities.
- War spending reduced from £500,000 to £70,000 per year.
- New impositions on collection of Tonnage and Poundage + feudal payments were revived.
- e.g. 1634 - Charles I issued a monopoly on soap - raised price of soap + caused resentment in public agaisnt Charles.
- Establishment of an annual levy of Ship Tax.
- Became annual + nationwide tax in 1636 - hated by public.
- Led to situations like Hampden Case - 1637, John Hampden refused to pay his Ship Tax and was brought before a court, narrow vote for a guilty verdict (7 to 5).
- Distraint of Knighthood - from 1630, Charles called individuals with land valued over £20 p. a. to be knighted in coronations, 9000 individuals didn't show up and were fined.
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Cromwell and Finance
- Legal measures to help debtors were introduced.
- Few financial issues as parlieament controlled finance anyway, so little needed to be done to improve finance.
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Finance Conclusion
- Overall, financial issues were very different for Charles I and Cromwell.
- Charles had to do a lot actively to improve finances.
- Cromwell didn't have many financial issues.
- Because Charles had less control over parliament than Cromwell.
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Charles I and Religion
- Charles I promoted Arminians like Laud in the Church.
- Charles wanted Church to be more ritualistic + formal - very Catholic.
- Ministers who resisted were tried.
- Number of clergy who were forced out didn't rise greatly.
- Churches became decorated + colourful.
- Laud became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.
- Decoration of Churches - Catholic.
- 1633 - Book of Sports, could play sports on a Sunday.
- Supported by public as it reduced demands on the congregation + reduced the number of sermons.
- Angered Puritans - many Puritans fled to USA and Ireland.
- Imposition of Laudiansim.
- Visitations - overseen personally by Charles I and Laud.
- Used Court of High Commission to punish via fines or imprisonment.
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Cromwell and Religion
- 1645 - Governing of Church was to become Presbyterian in form.
- 1646 - Parliament passed resolutions confirming collapse of episcopacy + confirming committment to Presbyterianism.
- Independents were religious dissenters that supported the right to set up independent churches.
- Supported by New Model Army - more of a threat as they have military power behind them.
- 1644 - Apologetical Narration presented, appealed for right to have independent Churches but was dismissed by parliament.
- 1650 - Blasphemy Act - religious radicals could be punished severely.
- Quaker movement was growing - dissenters threatened national church.
- Made to counteract problems with dissenters.
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Religion Conclusion
- Overall, religious issues were very different for Charles I and Cromwell.
- Charles I was trying to change national religion to Catholicism for personal reasons (wife Henrietta Maria was a Catholic).
- Cromwell was trying to change the national religion to Presbyterianism for political reasons (alliance with Scotland); also Cromwell had a greater issue with religious dissenters than Charles I.
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Charles I and Power/ Politics
- 1629-1640 - Personal Rule.
- Charles didn't think that parliament was an effective way of ruling, he believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
- Key reason for divisions between Charles I and parliament.
- An attempt at an absolutist monarchy.
- Parliamentry opponents were imprisoned.
- Charles didn't think that parliament was an effective way of ruling, he believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
- Personal rule provoked little reaction initially.
- MPs pushing the Three Resolutions seemed to justify it.
- Charles was an effective ruler with a good Privy Council.
- Led by Laud and Strafford.
- Charles promoted his image with propaganda and appointed all judges - could control high profile political cases.
- Controlled the way he was seen by the public and helped him to maintain power + control.
- Key challenge to power came from Scottish.
- English Book of prayer issued to Scottish clergy in 1637 - caused a rebellion as the Scots were Presbyterian.
- Threat due to the strong + experienced Scottish army.
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Cromwell and Power/ Politics
- 1654-55 - 1st Protectorate Parliament.
- Parliament to be elected every 3 years + would sit for at least 5 months - no more opportunity for personal rule.
- Cromwell to stay head of New Model Army - keeps military power so has more control over population as he has power to crush uprisings.
- State Church w/ free worship, except for Catholics - Catholics more likely to be Royalists which is a threat to the Republican Rule.
- Became unstable after initial successes.
- 1655-56 - 2nd Protectorate Parliament + the rule of the major-generals.
- 1655 - Royalist urising occurred, easily defeated
- Showed greater control was needed - Cromwell imposed centralised military rule.
- 11 districts, each with a major-general.
- To create a reformation of manners - widely hated as it stopped things like **** fighting and pubs were closed.
- Cromwell established the Commissions of TRiers and Ejectors to supervise the running of the Church.
- To improve the quality of preaching + flexibility of beliefs.
- Cromwell was offered the crown + refused.
- New constitution.
- There was an increased threat of revolution due to the major-generals (population dissatisfied) so a new constitution was needed.
- 1655 - Royalist urising occurred, easily defeated
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Power/ Politics Conclusion
- Charles I and Cromwell's style of power and politics were very different.
- Charles I had an absolutist monarchy - due to belief in Divine Right.
- Cromwell had a more democratic parliament - offered crown but refused it.
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Charles I and Parliament
- 1626 - Charles I called parliament to discuss subsidies - quickly dissolved parliament to stop the impeachment of Buckingham.
- Called a forced tax instead.
- 1628 - Charles I called parliament, who passed 5 subsidies.
- Petition of Right - asked Charles I to reverse his decision on the 5 Knights Case, not force citizens to pay forced loans, not imprison people without trial, people would not be subject to martial law or be forced to provide lodgings for soldiers - Charles I refused to sign it.
- 1640 - Long Parliament.
- Strafford and Laud were impeached.
- Forbid Charles' strategies to get money outside parliament.
- Introduction of Triennial Act in 1641 - Charles I had to call parliament every 3 years.
- 1641 - Act of Attainer against Strafford - later beheaded.
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Parliament Conclusion
- Overall Charles I and Cromwell's relations with parliament were very different.
- Charles had a very poor relation with parliament due to his belief in the Divine Right as he disregarded parliament's authority.
- Cromwell had a very good relationship with parliament as he ensured that the country was run more democratically through parliament.
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