Changing settlements in the UK

Changing urban areas

about 90% of the UKs population lives in urban areas
Liverpool's population has declined sharply between 1961 and 2001
London's population declined a little before 1981 but has since increased by 1.6 million
Liverpool was shaken by globalisation but London benefited from it

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Index of Multiple Deprivation measures the seven aspects of quality of life: income, employment, health, education, housing and services, crime and environment
in 2010, 51% of all census areas in Liverpool were in the bottom 10% for multiple deprivation in the country
in 2010, only 8% of census in London were in the bottom 10% for multiple deprivation
compared to Liverpool, the population in Croydon is younger, healthier, better qualified and more likely to work
Croydon is connected to central London by the underground, rail and bus networks which makes travel easier and quicker
Croydon was ranked 34th out of 152 council areas on its 2012 GCSE results but Liverpool was ranked 104th
only 1% of land in Croydon is vacant or derelict compared to 7% in Liverpool
in Croydon, 37% of land is green space such as parks compared to 23% in Liverpool

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only 10% of the UK population lives in rural areas. These are countryside areas with:
low population density
small settlements of under 10000 people
most of the land consisting of farmland plus grassland and woodland
rural areas have changed in the UK over the last 50 years becuase:
many areas are much less isolated that they once were becuase of new roads and a rise in car ownership
large areas are now protected as national parks
urban people visit the areas becuase they have more leisure time
farming is less important as a source of income
REMOTE RURAL COMMUNITIES: have too few people to support many services. Many are protected areas that limit the amount of new development that can take place
RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES: in areas such as Devon, Cornwall, East Yorkshire and South lakeland have developed becuase the UK population is ageing and people are living longer
COMMUTER VILLAGES: are a result of counter urbanisation, when middle class families started moving out of the city to the countryside and commuting to work. Families like the safety and peace of the countryside but still want to be close to the city

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west Somerset located in South west England, North of exmoor national park, was the 45th most deprived local authority area in 2010
hart in Hampshire was the least deprived local authority area
west Somerset's population declined by 1% between 2001 and 2011 whereas hart's grew by 9%
ACCESSIBLE HART:
about 30000 of harts residents commute to the district every day, many to London using the M3 motorway and rail links
car ownership and incomes are high with means people can access shops and other services
it's easier for people in hart to travel abroad and airports such as Gatwick and Heathrow are close by
ISOLATED WEST SOMERSET:
much of west Somerset consists of Exmoor national parks
there are no motorways in the area
the area has no universities so many young people leave when they finish secondary school
transport and energy costs are high as there are few rural bus services

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REGENERATION: this means physical redevelopment of an area with new buildings and infrastructure, so derelict and abandoned areas are brought back into use
REBRANDING: this means changing the image of an area so outsiders see it as a more positive way
LIVERPOOL REBRANDING:
a further 25,000 jobs were created between 1998 and 2008 many in the culture, tourism and scientific sectors
85% of Liverpool's residents felt the city was better after the capital of culture investments and events
Liverpool's population is growing

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tourism has problems:
it usually depends on the weather
it is very seasonal and so are the jobs
pay is low and skill levels are low
places that were popular last year might not be the next year
THE EDEN PROJECT (CORNWALL):
provides around 400 jobs and a further 200 seasonal jobs
over 13 million have visited, brining £1 billion into the local economy
local hotels and pubs have benefited from tourists
estimated that this had added 2500 jobs to the local economy
the ugly derelict quarry has been recycled into a unique visitor attraction
uses rainwater harvesting and has applied for planning permission to build a 4 megawatt geothermal power station
sustainable rural development

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rural areas are often caught between two forces:
visitors and retired people want rural areas conserved to maintain their traditional character and landscape
local people, especially the young, want economic development to ensure that there are jobs
greenbelts and national parks are used to conserve rural areas

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