Change in the army 1790-1918

• Difficult to recruit
• Became less attractive than manual labouring, which paid much better. 
• Less recruitment from criminals 'right' sort of men for the army.
• Purchase of commission

Munitions:

• Use of line tactics- 'brown bess' rifle'
• Armies had to produce bullets for themselves using mobile forges.
• Development of machine guns- development of munitions at home

Food and clothing:

• Peninsular War- 'Group of tramps'
• Looting prohibited
• Food supply was unstable and troops went hungry 
• Same during Crimean - Winter storm of 54/55

Expaning British Empire:

• Supplyment required a professional service with its own central administration 

• Majority of the casualties coming from the Crimea were due to illness
• Poor health of troops could be attributed to the lack of fresh food
• The army was not providing all units with their full daily ration
• Camp kettles were often mislaid and not replaced, forcing troops to cook for themselves in their mess tins
• Officers were providing a good example and care
• Army was slow to distribute the suppliees and lime juice was unloaded at Balaklava on 10th December 1854, but first reached troops in February 1855
• Lack of feed for the horses, 40% died over 54/55 winter

Impact:

• Little impact
• Royal warrant issued in 1858 that provided for a proffessional reform of the commissariat with much more of its operations being coontrolled by the army. 
• Need for healthcare & support. 
• Gave government more power to play a far more central role in the management of the army

• Flogging in peacetime was banned in 1868 and branding was completely abolished in 1871
• Australia, New Zealand and Canada were given responsibility for their own security, 26,000 troops returned 1871
• Bounty money was abolished 1870
• 1871- purchase of commissions was fully abolished in 1871
• August 1870, parliament voted for an extra £2m to pay for another 20,000 troops. 
• Regional regimental system
• Army Enlistment Act 1870- soldiers were able to serve for six years in regulars and six years in reserve. Would recieve four old pence a day when in reserves and would attend short training every year.
• Regulation of the Forces Act 1871- put an end to general service and sought to more closely link each regiment with an area.

Effectiveness:

• Recruitment issue solved in 1870s when the economy slowed
• Bounty money in 1890s when army was under pressure in Africa and India, but payed to the soldiers.
• Soldiers pay was still low and 75% of their pay went in 'stoppages'- clothes and food

Reorganisation of the Army in to two parts:

• The formation of the BEF- deployment overseas in the case of war- £28m budget, 6 infantry, one heavy cavalry and 2 light cavalry
• Home defence- relied on volunteers. Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907- introduced the Territorial force- had support services and could run independently from the army. Paper strength was 312,000 men. 1913- 236,000 men.

Officer Training Corps:

• Upper division at universities and lower division at schools. 
• Organised from the War office. Individual goups were given grants by the government. Army order 178 gave the corps a standard set of regulations
• By 1914- 20,000 schoolboys and 5,000 undergraduate students had enrolled in the OTC.

Imperial General Staff:

• Oversaw strategic matters in the Empire - ANZAC troops would be orgainsed along the lines of the BEF
• Chief of the Imperial Staff could be vetoed by local authorities and gov ernment. 
• Dominion troops played a major part in the efforts of the British Empire.