Cell Biology
Revision for Topic 1
- Created by: Noah_S
- Created on: 07-11-19 19:51
Cells & Microscopy
5 Subcellular structures for Plant & Animal Cells
- Nucleus
- Contains genetic material
- Mitochondria
- Converts energy from chemical to kenetic and heat in earobic respiration
- Cytoplasm
- Preforms chemical reactions such as anarobic respiration
- Membrane
- Provides transportation for the cells and allow substances in
- Ribosomes
Three things that Plants Cells have that Animal Cells dont
- Cell Wall
- Keeps the structure of the cell together
- Permanent Vacuole
- A space to store substinance and nutrition for the cell
- Chloroplast
- Provides ability to photosynthesis nutrition for the plant
Cells & Microscopy
Where is the genetic material found in
- Animal Cells
- In the Nucleus
- Bacterial Cells
- In the cell as a long strand of DNA
What type of organisms are bacteria - prokaryotes (without nucleus, no mitochondria) or eukaryotes (with nucleus, have a mitochondria)
- Prokaryotes
Differentiation and Stem Cells
Why do cells differentiate?
- It allows the cells to accomplish a specific task to perform a role in order for the organism/creature to work
Give three ways that a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to an egg cell
- It has a long tail to enable it to swim
- It has lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim
- It has enzymes stored to enable it to get into the egg
Two ways that embryonic stem cells could be used to cure diseases
- Can be specialised into nerve cells to repair faulty connections
- Can be specialised into insulin producing cells to help cure Type 1 Diabetics
Why might some people be against the use of human embryos in stem cell research
- Each human embryo is a possible human life, essencially arguing that it kills life
Cell Division
What are Chromosomes
- Coiled DNA that provide instructions for how the cell should function
What is the Cell Cycle
- A natural process of growth and division that cells undergo in a loop
What is mitosis used for by multicellular organisms?
- Mitosis is used for growth and repair in organisms
What is the name of the process by which bacteria divide
- Binary fission
Culturing Microorganisms
What is the maximum tempreature at which microorganisms should be kept at schools
- 25*C
Give three ways to keep bacteria samples uncontaiminated
- The inoculating loop should be sterilised first by passing it through a hot flame
- The petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised first to kill unwanted bacteria
- After transferring the bacteria, the lid must be lightly taped on, to prevent bacteria in the air to come through
Exchanging Substances
What is diffusion?
- Diffusion is the process of particles spreading out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Name three substances that can diffuse through a cell membrane
- Glucose
- Amino Acids
- Water
Name two substances that cannot diffuse through a cell membrane
- Starch
- Protein
What type of molecules is transported by osmosis
- Water molecules
Exchanging Substances
Give two differences between active transport & diffusion
- Active transport is from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while diffusion is the opposite
- Diffusion is passive transport (requiring no energy) while active transport requires energy from respiration
Give one way in which alveoli are adapted for gas exchange
- Have a huge surface area (75m2 in humans)
Give two ways that villi in the small intestines are adapted for absorbing digested food
- They have a huge surface area to increase absorbsion
- They have good blood supply to speed up diffusion
Explain how leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of CO2 that gets to their cells
- The flattened shape of the a leaf increases the area of the exchange surface
- The air spaces inside the leaf helps the exchange surface inside the leaf, so CO2 can get into the cell
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