Cell biology

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Nucleus

Controls all activities of the cell. It contains genes on the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making proteins needed to build new cells or new organisms.

  • Average diameter is 10µm.
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Cytoplasm

A liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions take place.

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Cell membrane

Controls the passage of substances such as glucose and mineral ions into the cell. It also controls the movement of substances such as urea or hormones out of the cell.

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Mitochondria

Structures in the cytoplasm where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell.

  • 1-2µm in length and only 0.2-0.7µm in diameter.
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Ribosomes

Where protein synthesis takes place, making all the proteins needed in the cell.

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Chloroplasts

Found in all green parts of the plant. They contain the green substance chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis. Root cells do not have chloroplasts because they are underground and do not photosynthesis.

  • Around 3-5µm long.
  • Remember not all plant cells have chloroplasts.
  • DO NOT CONFUSE CHLOROPLASTS WITH CHLOROPHYLL.
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Permanent vacuole

A space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. This is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant.

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