since 1950s - suburbanisation, counterurbanisation and deindustrialisation have all meant employment has moved away from urban areas. This has been further enhanced as more people can commute due to increase in car ownership.
1960-1981 = 1.6 million jobs lost due to deindustrialisation
This means there is less rural-to-urban migration, so that while urban areas are decreasing in population, rural areas grow.
With less people living in urban areas, there is less demand for services such as shops and less investment leading to decline.
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Population Loss and Social Decline
Between 1951 and 1981, the UK's largest conurbations lost 35% of their population due to suburbanisation and counterurbanisation
Often the more skilled workers were the ones to move away from urban areas leaving a less skilled workforce behind.
Without high disposable income groups in the urban area, there is less profits to be made for businesses thus leading to a spiral of decline. - higher crime rates, poor education...
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Poor Physical Environment
slum clearance schemes of the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of unsightly estates.
graffitti, vandalism, lack of green space etc. all add to the poor environment of the area
Investors and businesses are unattracted to the area and so the area continues to decline both economically and in relation to its physical environment.
high rise flat developments are common in the inner city.
These wer very unpopular with residents due to their poor design, having little community spirit, poor ventilation, expensive heating systems and high crime rates.
These were originally meant as a way of regenerating the area but weren't successful
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Political Problems
inner cities have the lowest election turnouts in the UK
They will often vote for people from far-right parties such as Ukip and BNP due to a feeling of neglect as they are often overlooked by governments despite prevalent problems such as poor housing and poor physical environments.
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