Case studies

• 1980s - government established it as a 'science city' > gave incentives for businesses to establish there (reduced tariffs)

• Had a growth in transport + education infrastructure + raising incomes

• 'Science city' status created direct employment for 2.3 million + indirect employment for 6.5 million

• FDI from Microsoft and Bank of America

• Corrupt government > police + soldiers easily bribed by black market dealers and middle men (who smuggle the diamonds out of the country)

• 50% of all profits given to the military, workers paid very little > government get no money to fund health or education

• As many as 10,000 illegal forced workers (adults + children)

• GNI PPP per capita = $1600, same as 1990

• Stuck in vicious cycle > start work as children, no chance for education etc

• Introduced by Mugabe in 2000

• ZanuPF supporters confiscated white owned farms and gave them to black Zimbabweans

• 1/3 fall in food production + 45% malnutrition rate > need for food aid

• Black Zimbabwean farmers = unskilled > sold machinery to make money quickly, didn't know it was needed for high crop yields

• Population of 10 million
  • 80% live below poverty line
  • 45% literacy rate
  • 66% employed in agriculture

• Earthquake occured 12th January 2010Grow their own rice BUT it is more expensive than that grown in US > people don't buy it so unable to trade internationally
  • £5bn in aid since then (equivalent to entire GDP)
  • 300,000 still live in tented camps in the capital
  • Concerns regarding corruption + lack of planning

• Deforestation = loss of natural resources so must be imported > eg palm oil
• Pollution of rivers + important water sources = common
• Some of world's worst failures in health and education > low levels of sanitation/ public hygiene (1/2 population use street as toilet)
• 600,000 female foetuses aborted each year
• Deeply entrenched inequality > ruling class defined by education, income + gender
• States influence their own economic growth > led to inequality/imbalance
• Some rulers linked with corruption (people don't trust or want to trade with them)
• Government spends more subsidising fertilisers than all public healthcare
• Manufacturing = only 14% of GDP (same as 1960)
• More Indians buy from China than other way round > unequal trade
• Gaining independance from British = had to start development unaided
• Many businesses are family orientated > FDI uncommon as staff are employed based on relationship not skills

• Economic zones created in 1980 > 3 of these are in Guangdong province

• Government allowed free trade + FDI in economic zones > made Pearl Delta open economic zone - became prosperous by making clothing

• Coastal location = good for foreign investment

• Proximity to Hong Kong (economic hub) = good for domestic investment

• Population of 94.5 million - provides huge worforce for labour intensive manufacturing industries

• Good governance
• Needed to control rebel groups + avoid corrupt parties gaining power
• Vast amount of conflict results in humanitarian problems
• Has allowed them to trade (mango exports) successfully by investing in trade routes + improving trading relations
• FDI/aid
• Chinese funded Malibya canal BUT agricultural land lost + people forced to move due to flooding (can be conflicts between locals + FDI countries)
• WaterAid helped 43,000 people have access to safe water in 2013
• Oxfam highlighted the need for improvement in areas of education > hugely beneficial in allowing development
• Extending female education + rights
• 33% women cannot read or write (leads to lack of independance)
• Sex inequality - eg **** only made illegal in 2011
• Government need to introduce legislative changes to aid equality

• GNI PPP per capita = over $21,000 (more than double China's average)

• Increased car ownership by 250,000 a year

• 8 coal fired power stations in Beijing + over 30 in surrounding area of 100km

• WHO estimates 500,000 people die prematurely due to air pollution

• 2013 - for 7 months air was recorded to be 'polluted' or 'severly polluted'

• Low income makes impacts of air pollution worse - cannot afford best masks or medical care, many work outdoors (eg on construction sites), cannot afford to send children to private schools with air locked domes

• New, high rise county capital built where White Horse Village was

• Villagers promised new high school with labs, library + swimming pool

• Villager's land was taken + they had to move out of their farmhouses - in exchange they were to be given an apartment + shop front and their children would get education equal to the best in China

• BUT development led to further inequality > new school only allowed a handful of the village children in, other places being taken by children of officials + business people from old county capital

• Athabasca Oil Sands = large deposits of extremely heavy crude oil
• About 2 tons of oil sands requires to produce 1 barrel of oil
• Approx 20% of Alberta's oil sands are recoverable through open-pit mining BUT 80% requires in situ extraction technology > open-pit mining destroys the boreal forest
• Since the beginning of the oil sands development, there have been several leaks into the Athabasca river - polluting it with oil
• Oil development draws enormous numbers of people to a fragile ecosystem
• Negative influence on Caribou by constructing roads + destroying habitats
• As toxins build up in the river, fish become mutated or deformed and many have tumours
• Aboriginals living in the surrounding areas are becoming increasingly worried about how the animals they eat + water they drink is being affected

• Income tax = used to re-distribute wealth for a fairer society > most governments use progressive schemes (more you earn, more you pay)
• VAT = essentials (food, clothes, shoes) exempt from tax, affordable for all
• Tax credit system = (children) free school meals, free childcare, clothing allowance, uni grants (pensioners) subsidised fuel + transport (all) benefits
• Minimum wage = £6.32 for over 21s
• Compulsory education for ages 5-16 (now 5-18)
• Sure Start
  • Labour's scheme to eradicate child poverty by 2020 - aimed to intergrate free childcare, health, early education to allow mothers to return to work
• Food Banks
  • 420 in UK - 90% of food is donated + they are run by volunteers
  • Vouchers given out by police + social workers - well managed
  • Some people require them full time (13 million live below poverty line)

London Olympics 2012

• Aimed for long-term economic growth through improving infrasructure, changing image of area + attracting new businesses
  
• Housing = 2,800 to be built, 1,400 of these to be affordable (olympic village)
• Located near to Westfield shopping centre (Europe's biggest urban shopping centre, worth £1.45bn), providing services + 8,000 job opportunities
• House prices in nearby areas recorded to have increased by 25% (compared to 20% nationally) in 2010, 5 years after London announced host
• Over 9,000 job opportunities created on olympic park > over 25% workers were from the neighbouring area
• Over 1,000 companies won contracts worth over £5bn from olympic delivery authority > 98% of these were UK companies
• Had high hopes/ambitions for being 'green' but not all plans actually worked
• 2014 - park re-opened as 'Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park'