C3 GCSE Exam Revision

Simple

Evaporation ----- Condensation ----- Percipetation ----- Rivers ----- Oceans

Explained

Sun heats the water and it evaporates into the atmosphere. ----- It falls from the clouds as rain, snow or sleet. ----- It falls into rivers. ----- Rivers flow into the oceans.

1) Filtering - Removes solid material and algae.

2) Reacts with ozone - Remove algae and kills bacteria. (99%)

3) Passed through sand and gravel - Removes smaller impurities.

4) Filter beds containing 'adivated carbon'.

5) Chlorine added - remove the rest of the bacteria.

6) Ozone and most of chlorine removed chemically.

7) Water is stored in closed tanks.

Ions                              Observations In Water

Sodium Chloride          Lots of bubbles, Clear, Soft Water

Calcium Chloride         Lots of bubbles, Cloudy, Hard Water

Magnesium Chloride    Some bubbles, Cloudy/Scummy, Hard Water

Potassium Chloride     Lots of bubbles, Clear, Soft Water

Barium  -  Light Green

Calcium  -  Brick Red

Copper  -  Blue/Green

Lead  -  Blue/White

Potassium  -  Lilac

Sodium  -  Bright Orange

Magnesium  -  Bright Yellow

Zinc Carbonate  -  Black Soot  -  CO2 Present

Copper Carbonate  -  Yellow  -  CO2 Prensent

Potassium Carbonate  -   White  -  No CO2 Present

Sodium Carbonate  -  White  -  No CO2 Present

Carbon Dioxide = 0.88g

0.88g x 12 = 0.24g

             44

0.24g = 0.24 = 0.02 moles

               12

Litium - Li - Energy Shells (2,1)

Sodium - Na - Energy Shells (2,8,1)

Potassium - K - Energy Shells (2,8,8,1)

Rubidium - Rb - Energy Shells (2,8,8,8,1)

Caesium - Cs - Energy Shells (2,8,8,8,8,1)

Francium - Fr - Energy Shells (2,8,8,8,8,8,1)

The further away the free electron is the easier it is for the electron to give away because the nucleus is not charged so therefore would be unable to keep them in place.

1) He spotted a pattern in the 50 discovered elements

2) Put them in the order of atomic mass ( Law of Octaves)

3) The table didn't work after calcium

4) He put highly reactive with unreactive elements.

1) Mendeleev created a table that is the basis of the modern one

2) He left gaps for undiscovered elements

3) He put them in order of atomic number not mass number.

1) Said that acids split up in water to form hydrogen ions and bases split up to make hydroxide ions.

1) Acids are proton donors

2) Bases are proton acceptors

25.0   = 0.025dm3 x 0.100 mol/dm3 = 0.00215 moles

1000

moles of Na(OH) = 0.0025

22.5   = 0.0225

1000

0.0025     = 0.1 mol/dm3

0.0225

grams/100g of water

moles = mass - RAM

cm   -------- dm

mass - Mr = moles

mass - moles = Mr

Mr x moles = mass

concerntration x volume = moles

moles - concerntration = volume

moles - volume = concerntration

Q          =  M              C                          T

Energy = mass x specific heat x change in temp

                             capacity (4.2)

one kilocalorie = 4.2 kilojoules