C1A 1 ROCKS AND BUILDING

ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

· All substances are made up of atoms.

· An atom is the smallest part of an element · An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom. · There are about 100 different types of atoms. · All the different types of atoms are shown in the periodic table. · Elements have very different properties. · There are groups and periods. Groups are the verticals columns and the periods are the horizontal rows. · There are eight groups. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) the groups contain elements with similar properties. · Not all substances around us are pure elements. Some are compounds. A compound is a substance made of two or more types of atoms chemically joined together. - An atom consists of a nucleus which has protons and neutrons in them and it also has electrons whizzing around it.

· Law of conversation of mass-matter can be neither created nor destroyed but can be rearranged.

DECOMPOSING CARBONATES

• Thermal decomposition: Metal carbonate à metal oxide + carbon dioxide

• Not all carbonates decompose when heated.

• There is the same number of atoms on both sides of an equation to balance it out.

• Law of conversation of mass-matter can be neither created nor destroyed but can be rearranged.

Limestone and its uses, Quicklime and slaked lime,Cement, Concrete and glass 1

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- Glass is made out of powdered limestone which is mixed with a mixture of sand and sodium carbonate (soda) and heated at a very high temperate. Glass is used for windows because you can see through it bottles because it is recyclable and re-usable and art because it looks nice.

- Cement is made out of powdered clay and powdered limestone. It is used to make concrete and mortar.

- Concrete is made out of cement powder with water, sand and crushed rock. It is used to make pavements, bricks, motorways, roads and fence poles.

- Lime mortar is a type of mortar which was used in the ancient times to build buildings.

-Portland cement is the common type of cement used generally all around the world. It is made out of cement, mortar and stucco. Stucco is a material made out of aggregate and water. It is applied wet and hardens when it dries up. It is used to make concrete.

-Reinforced cement is stronger than normal cement. It is normal cement that has been poured onto steel bars and rods. It is used for slabs, walls, beams, columns and fences.

Limestone and its uses, Quicklime and slaked lime,Cement, Concrete and glass 2

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- Limestone is a rock made mainly of calcium carbonate.

- Some forms of limestone were made from the remains of tiny animals and plants that lived in the sea millions of years ago.

- We get limestone from quarries.

- Limestone is used to make: Glass, Cement, Concrete, Mortar

- Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate. When it is heated it breaks down to form calcium oxide (quicklime) and a gas called carbon dioxide. If you add a few drops of water to calcium oxide, you form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). If you pour lots of water on calcium hydroxide you make limewater.

- Calcium carbonate à calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

- Calcium oxide + water à calcium hydroxide

- Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide à calcium carbonate + water

- Slaked lime + carbon dioxide à calcium + water

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- Quicklime is produced in a lime kiln.

- Calcium oxide is used in mortar and plaster to increase the hardness of it.

- Calcium hydroxide is an ingredient in plaster, whitewash and mortar.