Body Systems

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CV system

-FUNCTION DURING EXERCISE: to transport oxygen in the blood to working muscles and remove waste products from muscles like CO2. (also return blood to lungs for oxygenation)

  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels

HEART RATE: number of times heart beats per minute

STROKE VOLUME: volume of blood leaving the heart each beat

SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE: pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood out

DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE: pressure of blood between heart beats

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CV system

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS:

  • increased heart rate- increase oxygen delivery and co2 removal
  • increased stroke volume- increase oxygen delivery and co2 removal 
  • increased systolic blood pressure- increase rate of blood flow so oxygen delivery

LONG TERM EFFECTS:

  • increased size and strength of heart (cardiac hypertrophy) therefore increase in stroke volume: - good for health as reduces risk of CHD, good for fitness as heart can contract more forcefully so increased oxygen delivery
  • decreased resting heart rate- heart is more efficient so can supply same amount of blood with fewer beats- less strain on heart and higher training zone
  • increased cardiac output= SVxHR
  • quicker recovery rate- inc in fitness
  • reduced blood pressure because of weight loss
  • increase in capillaries and red blood cells- inc blood flow=inc oxygen delivery
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effect of lifestyle on CV system

- rest- allows heart to grow in size and strength and for capillaries and red blood cells to develop

- cholesterol- LDL builds up plaque in arteries restricting blood flow and so the heart has to work harder leading to increased risk of CHD 

- recreational drugs- nicotine raises blood pressure and causes heart to beat faster. alcohol increases HDL but too much can have other serious affects

- lack of exercise- CV system doesnt receive benefits of exercise 

- stress- increases blood pressure and heart rate

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Respiratory system

  • breathing in- intercostal muscles contract and lift chest upwards and outwards while diaphragm tightens and lowers. inc vol of lungs and dec pressure so air is sucked in.
  • breathing out- intercostal muscles relax and chest relaxes inwards, diaphragm lifts up decreasing vol of lungs and increasing pressure, forcing air out 

-BREATHED IN- 21% oxygen, 0.03% CO2

- BREATHED OUT- 16% oxygen and 4% CO2 

breathing in through nose filters air as mucus and hair as well as warms it 

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Respiratory system

TIDAL VOLUME- total amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing 

VITAL CAPACITY- the maximum you can forcibly breathe in and out 

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY- volume of air in lungs after biggest breath in 

OXYGEN DEBT:- the extra amount of oxygen consumed during recovery compared to the amount normally needed while at rest. 

  • caused as a result of anaerobic resp
  • extra oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid into co2 
  • breathing rate high
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Respiratory system

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS:

  • breathing rate quickens and deepens- to increase the amount of oxygen taken in to the lungs so that it can be carried around the body, and also to remove co2
  • oxygen debt

LONG TERM EFFECTS:

  • increased tidal volume and vital capacity- so increased efficiency of lungs. so better oxygen delivery and co2 removal
  • increase in alveoli- uptake oxygen more effectively- improved gaseous exchange
  • aerobic capacity increased
  • increased strength of IC muscles and diaphragm- system is stronger 

smoking:

- smoking causes a reduction in the uptake of oxygen by rbc as they take up CO instead

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Muscular System

- Antagonistic pair- when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes to bring about movement 

- Isotonic contractions- contraction that results in limb movement 

- isometric contractions- contraction that results in increased tension but the length doesnt alter so no limb movement 

INJURIES:

  • muscle STRAIN- where muscle fibres are torn from their attachment to tendons 
  • treatment RICE
  • muscle atrophy- occurs if muscles arent used because of inactivity- where muscle mass decreases

adequate rest is needed for the body to recover and adaptations to muscles to take place

avoid overusing to prevent strains 

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Muscular system

- ANTAGONIST- the muscle relaxing 

-AGONIST- the muscle contracting

muscles are connected to bones via tendons. when muscles contract, they pull on the tendon which pulls on the bone to create movement 

harder muscles:

  • DELTOID- abducts the arm at the shoulder (serve in tennis)
  • GASTROCNEMIUS- extension at the ankle (pushing on to toes)
  • GLUTEAL MUSCLES- extension of the leg at the hip (running)
  • TRAPEZIUS- rotation of the scapula towards the spine (rowing)
  • LATISSIMUS DORSI- adducts/rotates the upper arm at the shoulder (butterfly)
  • PECTORALS- adducts the arm at the shoulder (follow through of forehand)
  • ABDOMINALS- flexion of trunk (pike dive)

4 limb muscles 

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Muscular system

SHORT TERM EFFECTS:

  • Muscles demand more oxygen and glucose
  • increase in temperature due to heat from respiration
  • increased production of carbon dioxide
  • production of lactic acid
  • muscle fatigue 

LONG TERM EFFECTS:

  • muscle hypertrophy (increased size) and increased strength- caused when muscle fibres rebuild themselves stronger. aids activities requiring strength, power and endurance
  • tendons and ligaments become stronger- increased support of joints- lowers risk of injury 
  • increased myglobin stores- improves immediate oxygen supply
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Skeletal System

- made up of bones in the skeleton

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON:

  • AIDS MOVEMENT: - bones attach to muscles so that when the muscles contract, they pull the bone to creat movement. occurs at the JOINTS. Bones also act as levers- they allow the body to increase the force they generate/speed of movement 
  • PROTECTION:- your skeleton provides protection for your vital organs. eg cranium protects brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs. 
  • SUPPORT:- Skeleton provides a frame for the body and therefore supports you eg when doing a handstand. it also affects body composition and size 

- JOINT- the place where two or more bones meet 

- TENDON- attach muscles to bone (or other muscles)

-LIGAMENT- attaches bone to bone or bone to cartlidge- to support and strengthen a joint

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Skeletal System

- CARTILAGE-  in order to prevent pain through friction at a joint, the ends of the bones are covered in cartilage. this is a group of cells surrounded by synovial fluid. cartilage is elastic and cushioning to protect the bones and synovial fluid lubricates the joint. 

HINGE JOINTS:- elbow and shoulder:

  • range of movement possible- flexion to extension 
  • elbow- humerus (upper) and radius (outside) and ulna (inside). eg bicep curls 
  • knee- femur (upper) to tibia- kicking a ball 

BALL AND SOCKET:  shoulder and hip:

  • range of movement- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
  • hip- femur and pelvis- eg running 
  • shoulder- scapula and humerus- eg extended when bringing arms back in butterfly 
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Skeletal System

FLEXION- when the angle at a joint decreases (bones forming joint move closer together)

EXTENSION- when the angle at a joint increases (bones forming joint get further away)

ABDUCTION- the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

ADDUCTION- the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body 

ROTATION- when the bone at a joint moves around its own axis- creating circular movement (its really a combination of all the actions and provides the biggest range of movement)

Bones continue to grow up until the age of about 18. after 35, they start to deteriorate. 

when bones become lighter with age, their strength and density are gradually reduced. this can occur in OSTEOPOROSIS  if too much bone is lost and they become brittle. 

WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE (and diet) help prevent osteoporosis:

  • running, jogging, walking, tennis, aerobics 
  • cycling and swimming arent weight bearing as your weight is supported 
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Skeletal System

effects of weight bearing exercise and a balanced diet on the skeletal system:

-INCREASED BONE DENSITY/STRENGTH:

  • reduced chance of osteoporosis 
  • better posture
  • reduced chance of fractures

-STRONGER LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS:

  • better support of joints and therefore more stability during physical activity
  • regular exercise also increases production of synovial fluid which lubricates joints- aiding flexibility
  • less chance of a joint injury

DIET:

-CALCIUM improves bone density

-VITAMIN D- helps the body absorb calcium

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Skeletal System

FRACTURES:

  • when the force on a bone is stronger than the bone itself
  • symptoms of a fracture include pain, bruising, swelling, misshapen limb 

-SIMPLE FRACTURE: where the bone does not break the skin

-COMPOUND: where the bone causes the skin to break adding risk of infection

-GREENSTICK: where the bone bends on one side and breaks on the other (common in younger children)

-STRESS: commonly caused by overuse, where a small crack forms in a bone. result when muscles become fatigued and are unable to absorb shock. caused by running on hard surfaces or with poor quality shoes 

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Skeletal System

JOINT INJURIES:

-TENNIS ELBOW- tendons are inflamed- pain felt on outside of the elbow

-GOLFERS ELBOW- tendons are inflamed and pain is felt on the inside of the elbow 

both of these result from poor technique or overuse

-DISLOCATION- where one of the bones at a joint comes out of place. caused by a fall or blow to the area. symptoms include pain, swelling, misshapen joint 

-SPRAIN- when some of the fibres of a ligament are torn. happens when a joint goes through a greater range of movement than normal- eg forceful twisting or over-stretching. symptoms include pain, bruising and swelling 

-TORN CARTILAGE- where small tears in the cartilage appears that cushion the bones. caused by force-ful twisting or sudden impact/stopping. symptoms are pain swelling and stiffness

TREATMENT IS RICE- rest, ice, compression and elevation

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