Blood and Heart

there are 2 types : Primary Response

• exposes to pathogen
• immune cells recognise it
• 4/5 days to show systems 
• antibodies multiply 
• antibodies level rise
• recovery
• antibody level full 

and Secondary Response 

• exposes to pathogen
• immune cells recognise it immediatly 
• multiply rabidly 
• antibodies level reises + remains high
• remains high due to memory cells
• stays in body for lifetime =life long immunity 

pulmonary vein = oxygenated blood 

valve = bicuspid + tricuspid, this prevents backflow of blood 

Tendon = heart strings, supports the valves + stops blowing inside out 

vena cava = largest vein 

Pulmonary vein = carries blood away (deoxygenated) 

Aorta = biggest artery carries oxygenated blood 

Semi- lunar = half moon shape valve 

(refer to notes for picture)

they protect against pathogens ( disease causing organisms) , have nucelus  + are larger than red blood cells 

Phagocytes , they are cell eaters, engulf pathogens + realse digestive enzymes + destory body cells 

Lymphocytes = it recignises that its foreugn, they make chemicals called antibodies and attack in a number of ways, by making them stick toghter, dissolve them , destroy toxins, that pathogens make = immune to the disease 

Vaccinations results in a memory cell, that allows antibodies to occur sooner, faster,quicker + in larger quantities upon the next exposure + provides peotection against disease ex) polio 

blood carries oxygen + nutrients to the body cells 

Heart = muscualr pump

Arteries = carries blood away from heart + high presssure, thick, muscle 

Veins = return it back to the heart + lower pressure,  thin walls 

Capilaries = tiny blood vessels, near body cells +b oxygen + diffuse from cells 

Double Circulation = 2 systems happening at the same time one bringing blood and the other bringing dexoygenated blood 

liquid part of the blood, contains mostly water

yellow strawed color 

contains dissolved chemicals eg) glucose 

contains plasma, reedblod cells and whiteblood cells 

transports heat energy around the body 

biconcave shap = disc shape, carries oxygen , allows eeasy mmovemen around the body 

No Nucleus, more room for oxygen 

contains haemoglobin red pigment = contains oxygen

small + flexible= to fit inside small blood capilaries 

large number 

carries both oxygenated + dexoygenated 

red blood = in the bone marrow, 120 days, no nucelus , oxygen

phagocytes = in the bone marrow, 6-16 days , lobed, bacteria 

lymphocytes = in the bone marrow, few days , yes, destroys pathogen

• blood enters atria, vlaves are closed 
• wall of atria contract, rise in blood pressure, forces open valves into ventricels 
• ventricles are full, contracct, cannont return to atria 
• ventricles continue + pressure increases, blood is ejected in to the pulmonary+ aorta atery and carries to lungs and body 
• higher presure means aorta closes + valves close, aorta starts to refil with blood, proces restarts

features

made of cardiacmuscle, its a muscular pump, 4 chambers, contains valves

Top chamber = right artium, left atrium 

Bottom Chamber = right ventricle, left ventricle 

right has a tricuspid valves, thinner muscle as pressure is low 

left has a bicuspid valve, higher pressure as to pump the blood