Black Leaders & Organisations & Roles AS USA RAce History OCR Spec B

• Opponent Of Slavery
• Supporter of all vivil rights (not just black)
• Raisedwaareness (newspaper & speecdhes)

• Frederick Douglass was one of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement
• Born a slave with black mother and white father
• Learnt to read and write despite laws against slave literacy
• escaped from slavery settled i nNorth
• became prominent speaker for anti slave movement 0 told to speak less intellligently - white people couldn't believe he had been a slave
• wrote autobiography ,Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglas, written by himself
• edited weekly reform journal , North Star
• Wrote The Heroric slave - showed ocnviction that slaves should rebel for freedom
• favour of Lincoln's emancipation proclamation 1863 -(proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves)
• Married white woman in 1882 after death of 1st wife - antagonised blacks & whites
• Urged blacks to stick with republican party
• Denounced lynchings, disfranchisement 7 segregation
• supported Ida B.Wells on campaign in Britain against lynching

Compromised of Freedmen who joined their earning to buy land to provide schools and teachers

• Ran Tuskegee Institute
• Gave Alanta Speech
• Accomiddation
• Organised ***** Buisiness League

• Born into slave family in Virginia
• ettended local elementary school for blacks after family freed
• attended hampton institute, virginia
• appointed principal of Tuskegee 1881 - an institute of higher education for blacks - minimal funding - had to teach in chicken coops - felt best opportunities for black were in industry - provided a vocational education
• Alanta compromise speech - seemed to accept segregation and emphasised economic advancement for blacks - appeared in front of important southern white & black gathering
• Founded National ***** Business League-promote the commercial and financial development of the *****
• Autobiography 'Up from Slavery'

• 5 day race riots in Alanta - washington helped bring sides together
• Poor relations with NAACP - might decrease his influence
• Disagreements with W.E.B Du Bois - qorked together on repeal of railroad segregation laws - different opposite backgrounds -BTW wanted to concentrate on improving economic positiion whereas Du bois though legal, political & economic prosperity & equality must be achieved 1st
• Du Bois sought rapid intergration Washington favoured seperate but equal
• frightened of lynchings -felt agressive approach would only alienate whites

• Editor of newspapers protesting against treatment of blacks
• Supporter of Garvey
• President of Afro- American Council

• National Afro american League - supported by Ida.B.Wells
• Editor of New York Age, a leading black newspaper - anti lynching & pro civil rights - refused adverts for hair straghtening & civil rights
• Worked with Booker.T.Washington

• Sued Railroad company
• Public opposition to lynching
• Women's rights

• Born into slave family
• became teacher in Memohis, Tenessee
• sued railway company in 1883 after dragged from 1st class carridge & won
• sued again in 1884 - won $500
• sued again in 1887 - railroad comapny owm - ruled segregation allowed
• wrote for black publications - princess of the press
• wrote article condemming lynching - forced to leave memphis & live in north
• Campaigned in Britain against lynching
• tryed to get government to legislate against lynching
• one of 40 founders of NAACP (National Assosiation in Advancement of Coloured People)
• Helped found first black women's suffrage club called the alpha suffrage club - assisted in election of Chicargo's first black Alderman - Oscar de Priest

• 1896 - founded NACW (National assosiation for coloured Women) - set up schools, orphanages , hospitals & elderly homes -left as wasn't doing enought for rights
• Spported women#s rights
• Passport withdrawn so couldn't attent Paris peace conference as nominated delegate of MArcus Garvey's UNIA (Uniersal ***** Improvement Assosiation)
• publisised post-war race riots - federal authorities thought she and Oscar de Priest were making bombs
• Helped establish A.Philip Randolph's Brotherhood of Sleeping Car porters and maids - first all black labour union
• ran sucessfully for political office as independent = said democrates anti-black and republicans abandonded south after reconstruction

• Founded Niagra movement (1905)
• Founded NAACP

Born in massachusetts (N. state)
Graduated 1st in class but rejected by Harvard
Went to Fisk, black university & experienced first southern racism
Taught an uni in ohio
Wrote 'Souls of black folk' - identified colour line as problem in 20th century
Established Niagra Movement - work for civil rights and politica equality
Establishment of NAACP  which launded leagal suits & produced propoganda to help blacks
Edited crisis (NAACP magazine) - articles against lynching - forced to resign
impressed by marxism in soviet union
Worked  for NAACP until forced to resign
Pro -USSR anti USA in cold War - passport confiscated
Emigrated to Africa

Aims
Full civil rights
End of segregation
Extension of franchise
Equal opportunity in all aspects of life
African Americans entitled vote & freedom every American citizen has enjoyed - Niagra movement
Against lynching
Against Jim Crow Laws
Against sexual inequality - every argument for ***** suffrage is argument for women't suffrage

Methods
Tried to put pressure on government
Editor of crisis
Against film Birth of a nation

Booker.T.Washington
Most influential critic
Du Bois Favoured vociferous campaiging for restoration of rights
Washington preffeded to reassure and conciliate white whilst quietly campaigning - earn position
Blamed BTW for decline in black academic education

• Both Black and white supporters
• Peaceful
• Focus on legal aspects
• Constirutional organisation
• Significant long term role
• Aim to make  Americans 11million blacks economically, intellectually, politically and socially free and equal
• Had a newspaper - The Crisis - Edited by W.E.B Du Bois
• Numbers increased from 50,000 - 450,000 during WW2

Timeline of NAACP: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/NAACP.htm

Sucesses

• Sucessful court litigation - 1915 - outlawed Grandfather clause
• Anti-lynching campaign - publisised horrors of lynchinc - helped decrease
• 88,448 members in 1919
• Supported a National Committee to Abolish The Poll Tax
• NAACP Lawyer represented Brown in Brown Vs Board of education supreme court case - intergation of schools should happen

How NAACP helped blacks

• Pressure group
• Worked to raise awareness amongst Southern Blacks
• Moderate and long-lasting it won respect from moderate whites
• Local branches initiated protests
• Its leaders and employees became role models for the black community
• Took cases to the law courts to get rulings against discrimination

Members

• W.E.B Du Bois - worked to increase sense of community & edited Crisis
• Ida B.Wells
• Not supported by Booker.T.Wahington -  worried establishment might decrease influene in black comminuity - poor relations
• Roy Wilkins asked by Walter White to become assistnat
• Walter White defeated Du Bois to become leader
• Supportted by Truman
• MLK
• Ella Baker - travelled to set up & stimulate NAACP - first female president of NYC NAACP branch

Montgomery bus boycott:
Took On Rosa Park's Case
Further reading: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/montgomery_bus_boycott.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/rosa_parks.htm

• Founded UNIA (Universal ***** Improvement Assosiation) - swelled after WWI to 500,000 members of blacks frustrated by progress (way baove NAACP)
• black's taking control of own affairs
• Black Eagle star Steamship
• Open air parades
• Military style leadership
• Born in Jamaica
• Eventually Deoprted
• Believed God was black
• Advocated self-help, armed self-defence & seperation of races
• Appealed to racial pride
• 'Back to Africa' in spititual not physical sense
• Frightened & alienated many blacks
• Other leaders jealous of his appeal to black w/c - often lighter skinned resented his claims of the 'blacker the better' - Du Bois called 'little, fat black man' and 'Most dangerous enemy of the ***** race- lightskinned doctor said UNIA stood for 'Ugliest ***** in America) - Randolph called 'jamaican *******'

• Campaigned for equal rights and independence of blacks rather than absorbing into the melting pot
• Encouraged to develop own institutions etc

• Black Lawyer winning nearly all the NAACP cases
• First black justice of the supreme court
• In all his cases in the Supreme Court, Marshall won 29 out of 32 cases
• Most Famous case is the Brown v. Board of education
• Involved in Plessy v. Ferguson

Further reading: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/thurgood_marshall.htm

• Racial Equality
• Boycotts
• Sit-ins
• Freedom Rides 1911

1955 - Montgomery Bus Boycott - Head of  MIA and key figure

1963 - Birmingham protest - America's worst big city - would produce white violence that won national sympathy - 1000 marched downtown -MLF arrested JFK intevened - police attacked peaceful black's - US wittnessed

1963 - I have a dream speech - March On Washington

• sitisns - becam involved bu started by students
• Freedom rides
• Peaceful
• Desegregation & political rights
• Views later changed
• Founded the SCLC in 1857
• First black student of a uni 0 caused riots resulting in 2 deaths
• Assasinated

Useful Link: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/martin_luther_king.htm

• Member of Nation of Islam
• Was told in school to forget being a lwayer as it wasn;t a realistic goal for a ******
• started off as criminal
• Changed surname to X as previous surname was his 'slave' surname
• violent - Critical of MLK non violence
• Economic and Social rights
• Wrote in a journal
• Gave Speeches
• Black superiority
• Views changed later
• Assasinated by NOI (Nation of Islam)
• Encourage critical thinking in  race problems
• Put forward extremist position to make King's demand more acceptable to white population
• Drew attention to dreadful conditions in Ghettps

• Greensbro 4
• Fromed as a results to the Greensbourugh sitins -
• 4 students sat in at a lunch counter in Woolworths and prdered coffee, doughnuts & Doda - 1960
• Freedom summer - 61 & 64
• Non Violent
• Core also involved in Freedom Summer
• Stokley Carmichael - more violence

Useful Links: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nashville_sit_ins.htm
                     http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/greensboro_1960.htm