bioscience week 1 animal cells and tissues

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Prokaryotic Cells

Lack a nuclear envelope or nucleus

Lack most intracellular organelles

3 distinct areas;

Pilli or flagella

Cell envelope

Plasma membrane

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Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a membrane, enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

X 10 larger and up to 1000 times the volume of prokaryotes

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Animal Cells

Cellular metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism

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Cell membrane

Bilipid layer (4-5mm)

Separates cell from surrounding environment

Control point;

Diffusion (facilitated)

Osmosis

Active Uptake

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

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Cytoplasm

Aqueous material found within cell

Contains;

Nucleus

Organelles

Dissolved solutes (glucose, ions ATP)

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Cell Organelles

Nucleus

•Information processing centre of cell

•DNA

•Co-ordinates cells activities

Nucleolus

•Manufactures ribosome subunits

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Mitochondria

•Powerhouse of cell

•Chemically ‘burns’ glucose to make ATP (energy) for cell use

•Possesses own DNA

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Golgi Apparatus

  • Takes protiens synthesised by endoplasmic reticulum and prepares for use elsewhere
  • adds sugars to proteins
  • sends to: 
    • lysosome, to aid digestion
    • cell membrane
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lysomes

Membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes

Phagocytosis – worn out organelles and itself (death of cell)

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Rough ER

Ribosomes attached

Synthesis & transport proteins

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Smooth ER

•NO ribosomes attached

Synthesis & transport of lipids and steroids

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Ribosomes

Spherical organelles

20nm

4 strands of RNA

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Tissue

  • A group of cells specialised to carry out a particular function

  • Types
    • Epithelial
    • Connective
    • Muscle
    • Nerve
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Epithelial Tissue

•Covering/lining epithelia

Size

–Simple epithelium

–Stratified epithelium

Shape

–Squamous epithelia

–Cuboidal epithelia

–Columnar epithelia

Glandular epithelia

–Exocrine glands

–Endocrine glands

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Connective tissue

Contain few cells but large amounts of intercellular material

1.Fluid e.g. Blood

2.Semi solid – loose e.g. adipose tissue or fibrous e.g. tendons/ligaments

3.Solid – protein base e.g. cartilage or mineral base e.g. bone

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Muscle

Indivdual cells which are fibres

–Skeletal

– 2 proteins that make up this muscle refract the light differently which causes characteristic striated appearance

–Cardiac

– striations are fainter but muscle fibres are branched which helps the transmission of the heart beat

–Smooth

– muscle fibres show no striation & the cells are spindle shaped

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Nerve

•Nerve cells

– Neurons

•2 main parts

– Cell Body & Axon

•Some axons are covered in myelin sheath

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