- Reduce number of trophic levels
Energy is lost at each stage of the food chain through movement, heat and excrement so only a small percentage is used to make new cells. The fewer trophic levels, the less energy is lost so it's cheaper to produce the same quanitity of food.
- Reduce energy loss at each trophic level
Reducing heat loss and movement of animals be be achieved by keeping them close together in cages. This restricts movement and keeps them warmer so food can be produced more cheaply as less food is needed to feed the animals.
HOWEVER, this raises problems due to animal rights and also the spread of disease. It's easier for pathogens to pass in a crowded environment so animals may have to be immunised. If humans eat these antibiotics then bacteria in humans may become resistant, resulting in illness.Heating can also increase costs, produce CO2 and use fossil fuels.
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