Biology Unit 1 OCR Gateway Revision Cards.
Some questions summarising Unit 1 to be asked for revision.
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- Created on: 09-04-12 10:53
What factors determine the amount of each food gro
-age
-size
-exercise levels
-male/female
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Why do we need proteins? Name one disease steming
- unlike fats and carbohydrates, protein cannot be stored.
- meat proteins are called first-class proteins - amino acids that cant be made by the body.
- plant proteins are called second-class proteins, as they contain some but not all amino acids needed by the human body.
- kwashiokor, is a disease caused by lack of protein.
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What is EAR? What is the formula?
- Estimated Average Requirement.
- EAR in g= 0.6 x body mass in Kg
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Healthy diets are based in the context of.. (6)
- proteins
- carbohydrates (starch and sugars)
- fats/oils
- minerals and vitamins
- fibre
- water
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Carbohydrates. Why do we need to eat it, and where
- Carbohydrates (made up of simple sugars) give us energy
- Stored in the liver as glycogen or converted to fats
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Fat. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it sto
- fat (made up of fatty acids and glycerol) gives us energy.
- stored under the skin and around organs as adipose tissue.
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Proteins. Why do we need to eat it, and where is i
- protein (made up of amino acids) are used for growth and repair, or alternatively it is used as energy rather than carbohydrates)
- it is not stored.
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Iron. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it st
- iron (a mineral) is needed to make haemoglobin.
- it is not stored.
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Vitamin C. Why do we need to eat it, and where is
- Vitamin C is needed to prevent scurvy.
- it is not stored.
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Fibre. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it s
- fibre is needed to prevent constipation.
- it is not stored.
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Water. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it s
- water (70% of cells), is used to prevent dehydration, replacing water lost in tears, urine and faeces.
- it is not stored.
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What is a BMI? What is the formula?
- BMI= weight (Kg) / height^2 (m^2)
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Name four special diets, and briefly eplain them.
- vegetarian - do not eat meat and fish
- vegan - does not eat any products of animal origin.
- halal - meat has to be killed in a specific way.
- jewish - does not eat pork.
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Name two problems with special diets.
- vegetarian - lack of protein and vitamins, e.g. B1
- vegan - same as above, and lack of calcium.
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Infectious diseases are caused by..
- microorganisms which invade the body. These harmful bacteria are parasites which live in your body and gain nutrients.
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Non-Infection diseases are not caused by a microor
- vitamin deficiency - lack of vitamin C.
- mineral deficiency - lack of iron.
- body disorders - diabetes, cancer.
- genetic inheritance - colour blindness.
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What factors determine the amount of each food gro
-age
-size
-exercise levels
-male/female
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Name four facts about cancer.
- there are many types of cancer.
- cancer cells keep dividing and creat an abnormal mass which is called a TUMOUR.
- a tumour which spreads to other parts of the body is MALIGNANT.
- a tumour which does not spread is BENIGN.
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What is EAR? What is the formula?
- Estimated Average Requirement.
- EAR in g= 0.6 x body mass in Kg
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Steps taken to reduce the risk of cancer (6)
- protect against the sun
- avoid eating too much fat and becoming overweight
- avoid eating too much meat and unnatural foods
- eat plently of fresh fruit and vegetables
- take regular exercise
- avoid too much alcohol.
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Healthy diets are based in the context of.. (6)
- proteins
- carbohydrates (starch and sugars)
- fats/oils
- minerals and vitamins
- fibre
- water
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What are pathogens?
- pathogens are diseases caused by microorganisms.
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Carbohydrates. Why do we need to eat it, and where
- Carbohydrates (made up of simple sugars) give us energy
- Stored in the liver as glycogen or converted to fats
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Fat. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it sto
- fat (made up of fatty acids and glycerol) gives us energy.
- stored under the skin and around organs as adipose tissue.
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Proteins. Why do we need to eat it, and where is i
- protein (made up of amino acids) are used for growth and repair, or alternatively it is used as energy rather than carbohydrates)
- it is not stored.
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Iron. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it st
- iron (a mineral) is needed to make haemoglobin.
- it is not stored.
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Vitamin C. Why do we need to eat it, and where is
- Vitamin C is needed to prevent scurvy.
- it is not stored.
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Fibre. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it s
- fibre is needed to prevent constipation.
- it is not stored.
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Water. Why do we need to eat it, and where is it s
- water (70% of cells), is used to prevent dehydration, replacing water lost in tears, urine and faeces.
- it is not stored.
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What is a BMI? What is the formula?
- BMI= weight (Kg) / height^2 (m^2)
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Name four special diets, and briefly eplain them.
- vegetarian - do not eat meat and fish
- vegan - does not eat any products of animal origin.
- halal - meat has to be killed in a specific way.
- jewish - does not eat pork.
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Name two problems with special diets.
- vegetarian - lack of protein and vitamins, e.g. B1
- vegan - same as above, and lack of calcium.
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Infectious diseases are caused by..
- microorganisms which invade the body. These harmful bacteria are parasites which live in your body and gain nutrients.
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Non-Infection diseases are not caused by a microor
- vitamin deficiency - lack of vitamin C.
- mineral deficiency - lack of iron.
- body disorders - diabetes, cancer.
- genetic inheritance - colour blindness.
34 of 125
Name four facts about cancer.
- there are many types of cancer.
- cancer cells keep dividing and creat an abnormal mass which is called a TUMOUR.
- a tumour which spreads to other parts of the body is MALIGNANT.
- a tumour which does not spread is BENIGN.
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Steps taken to reduce the risk of cancer (6)
- protect against the sun
- avoid eating too much fat and becoming overweight
- avoid eating too much meat and unnatural foods
- eat plently of fresh fruit and vegetables
- take regular exercise
- avoid too much alcohol.
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What are pathogens?
- pathogens are diseases caused by microorganisms.
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Bacteria have a..
- cell wall. thousands of them can fit onto a single full stop. They can produce asexually.
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A virus can..
- only be seen with a powerful microscope.
- not reproduce on its own.
- take over living cells in order to reproduce.
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A fungi can..
- vary in size from microscopic to much larger organisms.
- grow on skin and can make skin red and sore.
- reproduce on their own.
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A protozoa is a..
- microscopic single celled organism.
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Name four facts about cancer.
- there are many types of cancer.
- cancer cells keep dividing and creat an abnormal mass which is called a TUMOUR.
- a tumour which spreads to other parts of the body is MALIGNANT.
- a tumour which does not spread is BENIGN.
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Rubella. What is the microorganism causing the dis
- virus.
- red rash, swollen glands.
- 2 weeks, can harm unborn children.
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Thrush. What is the microorganism causing the dise
- Fungus
- red sore skin, itchiness, white fungus can be seen
- a few days (if treated immediately)
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Malaria. What is the microorganism causing the dis
- protozoa.
- fever, chills, enlarged spleen.
- various times, depending on the success of the treatment, may persist for decades.
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How is malaria spread? What steps can be taken to
- malaria is spread by a vector, female mosquitoes
- steps to be taken are:
- sleeping under mosquito nets
- draining areas of stagnant wter
- use of insecticides.
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What is the incidence of a disease? What factors d
- the incidence of a disease is the rate at which new cases appear int he populatione each year.
- dependants:
- socio-economic factors (e.g. access to clean water)
- climate
- natural disasters
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Why do we feel unwell?
- disease microorganisms can reproduce quickly inside you rbody, causing symptoms.
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Symptoms may be caused by..(2)
- damage done to your cells when microoganisms reproduce.
- poisons (toxins) made by the microorganisms.
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Antibiotics kill..
- microorganisms
- antibiotics kill bacteria, and bacteria ONLY.
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Antivirals kill..
- microorganisms.
- antivirals kill viruses, and viruses ONLY.
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Name some barriers stopping pathogens entering the
- skin
- tears
- stomach acid
- mucus in airways
- blood clotting
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The immune system. Describe the two types of white
- PHAGOCYTES which engulf the pathogens.
- LYMPHOCYTES which produce antibodies or antitoxins.
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Give 3 examples of testing material when testing n
- animals
- human tissue
- computer models
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Explain how the immune response to microbes, and h
- the ANTIGENS are specific proteins on the cell surface of microbes, are detected by the WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
- the LYMPHOCYTES produce specific antibodies carried in blod plasma.
- the antibodies lock on to the antigens.
- the antibodies stick to the antigens on the baacteria and make them clump together.
- The PHAGOCYTES ingest and digest microbes to destroy them in a vacuole.
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people used to die from ______ such as tuberculosi
immunisation antibodies small recognise smallpox immunity inactive antigens white infections prevented antibodies recognised dead body blood
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Active immunisation is achieved by..
- stimulating the body to produce it's own antibodies.
- vaccinating people against particular diseases
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Diptheria. What is the microorganism causing the d
- Bacterium.
- Severe fever, can cause heart damage.
- Few weeks, permanent damage.
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What is the difference between an epidemic, and a
- an EPIDEMIC is international in COUNTRIES
- a PANDEMIC is internation is CONTINENTS
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In clinical trials, what is a study?
- a study, or clinical trial, is the routine but essential examination of how a new medicine is taken in and handled by the human body.
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Why are they conducted?(2)
- for new medicines to test their efficiency and tolerancy.
- for existing medicine, to look for improvements.
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Who is the sponsor in clinical trials?
- the sponsor is the pharmaceutical companyw ith a new/existing product that they would like to test.
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What is the difference between blind and double bl
- blind testing is where the volunteers do not know whether they are being given the real drug or the placebo.
- double blind testing is where neither the volunteers and the doctor administering the drug knows which group is being given the real drug or the placebo.
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What is the benefit or blind/double blind testing?
- It promotes randomisation, and ensures no bias.
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Give the uses of the following parts of eye: corne
- CORNEA - refracts light
- CONJUNCTIVA - membrane protects cornea.
- IRIS - ring of muscle controlling amount of light entering the eye
- PUPIL - opening in centre of iris
- LENS - focuses light on retina
- RETINA - contains light receptors
- BLIND SPOT - no retina
- OPTIC NERVE - carries the signals from the light receptors to the brain
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Accomodation. Humans can ______ on close and _____
focus lens same accomodation not shape distant
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The ring of ciliary muscle. What changes during cl
- it contracts
- it relaxes
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Suspensory ligaments. What changes during close vi
- it slacken
- it becomes taut
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Lens. What changes during close view accomodating?
- it makes a rounded, flat shape.
- it makes a flatter, thinner shape.
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Normal vision. A person with _____ vision is able
normal ooints comfortably near focus infinity far 18
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Short Sight. Someone with short sight can see ____
distant distance focus retina elongated great close concave
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Long sight. Someone with long sight can see ______
lens elasticity onto near loss convex retina lens
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Binocular vision. Animals with eyes facing _______
focus binocular forward distance eyes accurately same allows
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Monocular vision. Animals with ______ on the _____
run eyes wider predators cannot monocular view side distances field
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what are the 6 aspects to fitness?
- stamina
- strength
- flexibility
- agility
- speed
- cardiovascular efficiency
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Passie immune systems means..
- being injected with antibodies in a lab.
- this may be useful to treat an infection which may kill you quickly.
- passive immunity does not last long, unlike active imunity.
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what is the definition of a disease?
- a disease is a condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly.
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finish the sentence. You are at a greater risk of
- smoke
- have high blood pressure
- eat too much salt
- eat too much saturated fat
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finish the sentence. Blood pressure is the..
- measurement of force applied to artery walls.
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finish the sentence. Blood is under pressure due t
- contraction of the heart muscles so it can reach all parts of the body.
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what is the systolic?
- the first number reading.
- it is the HIGHEST level your blood pressure reaches when your heart beats.
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what is the diastolic?
- the second number in the reading
- it is the LOWEST your blood pressure reaches as your heart relaxes between beats
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What is the normal range of blood pressure for som
- 120/80 mm Hg
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what 7 factor affect blood pressure?
- age
- salt
- exercise
- obesity
- alcohol intake
- stress
- smoking
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what happens to your heart rate when you smoke?
- smoking produces carbon monoxide which is inhaled. This decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity in the haemoglobin in the red blood cells, and the heart rate increases to compensate.
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What happens to your heart rate if you are obese o
- saturated fats in food lead to a build up of cholesterol in artery walls. This narrows the arteries and restricts the blood flow through the restricted artery.
- deposits of cholesterol can lead to a thrombosis, and if a piece breaks off in the ehart, it causes a heart attack. In the brain, it may cause a stroke.
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Other effects of high blood pressure include..(2)
- weak blood vessels to burst - causes stroke if it happens in the brain
- damages organs such as kidneys
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Low blood pressure can lead to.. (2)
- poor circulation
- fainting
- if the brain does not get enough oxygenated blood.
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What is red-green colourblindess, and what do they
- this is an inherited condition which means that a person cannot distinquish between red and green.
- this is because they dont have specialized cells in thir retina that they need to do this.
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What are the two main parts that the nervous syste
- CNS (central nervous system) - the brain and the spinal chord
- Peripheral nervous system.
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The nervous system detects _____, such as ________
body stimuli pressure response light temperature sounds pain
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The CNS coodinates the information.
- the nervous system sorts out information from the senses and sends messages to those muscle glands with the appropriate response we respong to light, sound, chemicals in mouth, pressure, temperature.
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What is the receptor?
- Receptors (sensory neurons) detect changes in the environment called stimuli and send messages (nerve impulses) along nerves to brain and spinal cord (CNS)
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What is an effector?
- an effector is any part of the body that produces the response.
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Give 3 examples of effectors in the body.
- a muscle contracts to move arm
- a muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland
- a gland releasing a hormone into the blood
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What are nerve fibres?
- nerve fibres are burndles of nerve cells (neurons) that pass on electrical signals (impulses) to the brain.
- from the brain, nerve fibres send impulses to effectors.
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What does a motor neurone look like?
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what is the definition of health?
- good health is being free from disease
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Name the 3 types of neurone, and what they do.
- sensory neurone - carries impulses from the receptor to the spinal cords
- relay neurone - carries to and from the spinal cord and the brain
- motor neurone - carries impulses from the brain to the effector.
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What is a reflex?
- automatic responses to stimulii are called reflexactions
- a reflex response is rapid and its function is protection
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What happens during a reflexaction?
- the spinal cord mediates reflex responses to some sensory impulses directly, i.e. without going to the brain. The messages pass through the reflex arc.
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thenerves involved in _________ ___________ form a
- muscle impulses CNS effector reflex action synapse motor neurone pain relay stimulus
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What is a drug?
- a chemical substance that affects the way that your body or brain works
- drugs may alter behaviour as well as metabolism.
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What are medicinal drugs?
- cure illness or relieve symptoms. Theya re beneficial and some need to be prescribed by a doctor because they might have side effects, interfering with patients' other meds or conditions.
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What are recreational drugs?
- some drugs are legal and taken for pleasure, e.g. nicotine, alcohol and caffeine.
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What are illegal drugs?
- some people take illegal drugs for recreation but they are harmful and can cause long term damage. Examples are cannabis, anabolic steroids and LSD.
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Give 5 examples of medicinal drugs.
- paracetamol
- anitbiotic
- ibuprofen
- morphine
- zantac
- ritalin
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give 3 examples of recreational drugs.
- alcohol
- caffeine
- nicotine
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Give 5 examples of illegal drugs.
- ecstasy
- cannabis
- cocain
- heroin
- LSD
- anabolic steroids
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Give 3 properties of drugs.
- drugs alter body chemistry and your body may become tolerant to them
- when your body wont work without them, you are addicted
- if you stop taking them you may suffer withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, sweating, hallucinations, etc
- rehabilitation, people may go into hospital to kick their habit
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What do stimulants do?
- stimulants increase the relsease of chemicals across the synapse.
- increased alertness
- gives you faster reaction time
- raised heart rate and blood pressure
- reduced appetite
- e.g. caffeine, cocaine, ecstasy
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What do depressants do?
- depressants slow down the release of chemicals across the synapse.
- makes you feel relaxed and more sociable
- e.g. alcohol, cannabis
- some depressants such as heroin also reduce pain
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What do painkillers do?
- painkillers block the release of chemicals across the synapse
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What do performance enhancers do?
- they are used to increase performance of athletes which may give them an unfair advantage over other competitors as well as putting their health at risk
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What are the 3 classes of illegal drug?
- some drugs ar more harmful than others and the government has introduced as system of CLASSIFICATION.
- class A - then most dangerous with heaviest penalties
- class B-
- class C - the least dangerous with lightest penalties
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What happens to your body on a hot day?(3)
- vasodilation of blood vessels - capillaries get wider so a larger amount of blood can flow near the skin surface
- evaporation of sweat - sweat is produced from the sweat glands. sweat evaporates from the skin.
- hairs and hair erector muscles are relaxed.
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What happens to the body on a cold day?(4)
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels - capillaries get smaller so a larger amount of blood can flow near the skin surface. Heat is kept near to the body.
- no sweat is produced
- body starts to shiver to generate body heat
- hairs and hair erector muscles stand on end to trap a layer of air
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What is homeostasis?
- in order to work properly the human body needs to keep internal conditions as constant as possible.
- conditions that need to be kept constant, including body temperature, water balance, and carbon dioxide levels in blood.
- this process is called HOMEOSTASIS
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What temperature does the human body work best at?
- 37 degC
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finish the sentence. if your blood starts to get t
- your brain detects this and switches on mechanisms to cool the blood down.
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finish the sentence. if your blood starts to get t
- your brain detects this and sitches on mechanism to heat you up
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What are these changes controlled by?
- the HYPOTHALAMUS
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What is sweating, and why do we do it?
- produced in the sweat glands
- when sweat evaporates from your body, to turn the liquid to a gas, it takes heat energy from yoru body.
- this cools you down
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What is the synapse?
- gaps between neurones are called synapse.
- electrical impulses cannot cross these
- neurotransmitters, whcih are chemicals are released by one neurone and diffuse across the gap and cause an impulse in the next neurone.
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What are the dangers of too high/too low a tempera
- it is dangerous if your body temperature goes above 40degC or below 35degC
- about 40degC you will get heat stroke and dehydration. If this is not treated you may die.
- below 35degC your body develops hypothermia and if not treated, this also leads to death
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