Biology Revision Cards 0.0 / 5 ? BiologyBiologyA2/A-levelAQA Created by: michaelcliffordCreated on: 23-04-18 13:31 What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? To provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins To provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins, throughout the cell 1 of 13 What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic ret To synthesise, store and transport lipids To synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates 2 of 13 What are the main features of chloroplasts? The chloroplast envelope - a double plasma membrane surrounding the organelle The grana - stacks of up to 100 thylakoids The thylakoids - contains chlorophyll The stroma - a fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars) takes place 3 of 13 What structures are mitochondrion made up of? Double membrane - controls the entry and exit of material Cristae - extensions of the inner membrane, provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration Matrix - contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows the mitochondrion to contol some of the productions of their own proteins 4 of 13 What are the functions of lysosomes? To hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria To release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocyosis) in order to destroy material around the cell To digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used To completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis) 5 of 13 What are the functions of the cellulose cell wall? To provide mechanical strength to stop the cell bursting To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole To allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant 6 of 13 What are the functions of plant vacuoles? They support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid Their sugars and amino acids can act as a temporary food store The pigment may colour petals to attract pollinating insects 7 of 13 How do you test for reducing sugars? Benedict's test Add 2cm3 of the food sample to be tested to a test tube Add an equal voume of Benedict's reagent Heat the mixture in a gently boiling water bath for five minutes 8 of 13 What is the structure of alpha glucose? 9 of 13 What is the structure of beta glucose? 10 of 13 How are maltose, sucrose and lactose formed? Glucose with glucose forms maltose Glucose with fructose forms sucrose Glucose with galactose forms lactose 11 of 13 In the nitrogen cycle, what is ammonification? The production of ammonia from organic nitrogen-containing compounds Examples include urea, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins Saprobiontic microorganisms feed on feaces and dead organism materials 12 of 13 In the nitrogen cycle, what is nitrification? The conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate ions The process happens through two oxidation reactions: ammonium ions to nitrite ions, nitrite ions to nitrate ions It is carried out by free-living soil microorganisms called nitrifying bacteria 13 of 13
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