Biology Revision Cards

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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  • To provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
  • To provide a pathway for the transport of materials, especially proteins, throughout the cell
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic ret

  • To synthesise, store and transport lipids
  • To synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
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What are the main features of chloroplasts?

  • The chloroplast envelope - a double plasma membrane surrounding the organelle
  • The grana - stacks of up to 100 thylakoids
  • The thylakoids - contains chlorophyll
  • The stroma - a fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars) takes place
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What structures are mitochondrion made up of?

  • Double membrane - controls the entry and exit of material
  • Cristae - extensions of the inner membrane, provide a large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration
  • Matrix - contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows the mitochondrion to contol some of the productions of their own proteins
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What are the functions of lysosomes?

  • To hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria
  • To release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocyosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
  • To digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used
  • To completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)
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What are the functions of the cellulose cell wall?

  • To provide mechanical strength to stop the cell bursting
  • To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
  • To allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant
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What are the functions of plant vacuoles?

  • They support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid
  • Their sugars and amino acids can act as a temporary food store
  • The pigment may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
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How do you test for reducing sugars?

Benedict's test

  • Add 2cm3 of the food sample to be tested to a test tube
  • Add an equal voume of Benedict's reagent
  • Heat the mixture in a gently boiling water bath for five minutes
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What is the structure of alpha glucose?

                                          (http://www.robertbarrington.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Alpha-Glucose.jpg)

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What is the structure of beta glucose?

                            (http://sarahssureshots.wikispaces.com/file/view/beta-D-glucose.gif/98234347/beta-D-glucose.gif)

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How are maltose, sucrose and lactose formed?

  • Glucose with glucose forms maltose
  • Glucose with fructose forms sucrose
  • Glucose with galactose forms lactose
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In the nitrogen cycle, what is ammonification?

The production of ammonia from organic nitrogen-containing compounds

  • Examples include urea, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins
  • Saprobiontic microorganisms feed on feaces and dead organism materials
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In the nitrogen cycle, what is nitrification?

The conversion of ammonium ions to nitrate ions

  • The process happens through two oxidation reactions: ammonium ions to nitrite ions, nitrite ions to nitrate ions
  • It is carried out by free-living soil microorganisms called nitrifying bacteria
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