Functionalist
Durkheim -
· Religion provides collectiveness conscience which is the shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledgeà Individuals need to make co-operation possible- without it which society would disintegrate.
· Religion is the origin of human thought, reason and science.
· Study of Arunta- totem serves to reinforce the group’s solidarity and sense of belonging.
Criticism-
· Durkheim’s theory may apply better to small scale societies.
· Postmodernists say it cannot apply to contemporary society
Malinowski-
· He focuses on the role of religion in dealing with situations of emotional stress that threatens social solidarity.
· He identifies two sorts of events that may create this kind of stress: Life crises and Actions that cannot be controlled/predicted.
Criticisms-
· Malinowski has been criticized for exaggerating the importance of religious ritual in helping people to cope with situations of stress and uncertainty.
· Malinowski uses data from small scale, non-literate societies to support his ideas.
Parsons-
· Religious beliefs provide guidelines for human action
· Parsons sees religion as dealing with problems that disrupt social life-problems such as foreseen, unpredictable events and situations of uncertainty.
· Religion provides a range of answers to questions about suffering, evil and so on.
Criticisms-
· It emphasises the positive contributions of religion to society and ignores its dysfunctional aspect
· Neglects instances where religion can be seen as a divisive and disruptive force.
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