B1 flashcards new and improved
Create diagrams and flowcharts to accompany cards
- Created by: avcaseasyas123
- Created on: 27-01-15 20:02
The sequence from receptor to effector is a reflex
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A receptor detects a stimulus (i.e. pain, touch, sound, light, chem/temp changes)
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Sensory neuron (in nerves) transmits electrical impulse to CNS (brain and spinal cord)
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Relay neuron passes impulse across synapse (junction between two neurons). A chemical is released that causes an impulse to be sent along a relay neuron.
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A motor neuron is stimulated and the impulse is passed to an effector – either a muscle or gland. Muscle responds by contracting and a gland responds by secreting
What are the effects of taking cannabis (does it l
- It’s illegal + must be bought from dealers
- This brings them into contact with harder drugs (heroin)
- There is evidence that it can cause mental illness in some people
- Teenager whom smoke it increase their risk of getting depression
- Mot all cannabis users go on to smoke harder drugs
- Nearly all heroin users previously smoked cannabis
How can athletes use drugs to improve their perfor
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Steroids (which are used to build up muscle mass) –other drugs may be used to increase stamina
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Strong painkillers are banned as an athlete may ignore an injury + suffer further damage
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Many performance-enhancing drugs are very expensive giving an unfair advantage to those who can afford them
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Using performance enhancing drugs can damage the body permanently + even lead to death
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Most think it’s unethical to take drugs to enhance performance
There is energy wastage between each stage in the
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Not all of the food eaten can be digested so, energy is stored in waste materials (urea in urine/faeces).
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Some biomass is used for respiration (which releases energy for living processes) + much of the energy released in respiration is eventually transferred to the surroundings.
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Some is used for movement.
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Some biomass is used to keep a constant temperature
Describe the decay process.
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Detritus feeders (i.e. some types of worm) start the process by eating dead animals or plants and producing waste materials.
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Decay organisms (microorganisms-bacteria + fungi) break down the waste or dead plants/animals. They are called decomposers
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Decay is faster is it’s warm + wet. Many decomposers also need oxygen.
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All of the materials + dead organisms are recycled, returning nutrients to the soil.
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Humans can recycle waste in sewage treatment plants and compost heaps
The recycling of carbon involves both photosynthes
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Photosynthesis removes CO₂ from atmosphere
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Carbon from CO2 used to make carbs, fats + proteins which make up the body of plants + algae. Green plants/animals respire, returning CO₂ to the atmosphere
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When Green plants/algae are eaten by animals + these animals are eaten by other animals, some of the carbon becomes part of the fats + proteins that make up their bodies
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When animals respire some of this carbon becomes CO2 + is released into the atmosphere
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When plants, algae + animals die, some animals + micro-organisms feed on their bodies. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2 when these organisms respire.
The recycling of carbon involves both photosynthes
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Photosynthesis removes CO₂ from atmosphere
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Carbon from CO2 used to make carbs, fats + proteins which make up the body of plants + algae. Green plants/animals respire, returning CO₂ to the atmosphere
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When Green plants/algae are eaten by animals + these animals are eaten by other animals, some of the carbon becomes part of the fats + proteins that make up their bodies
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When animals respire some of this carbon becomes CO2 + is released into the atmosphere
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When plants, algae + animals die, some animals + micro-organisms feed on their bodies. Carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2 when these organisms respire.
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By the time the micro-organisms + detritus feeders have broken down the waste products /dead bodies of organisms in ecosystems + cycled the materials as plant nutrients, all energy originally absorbed has been transferred
Combustion of wood + fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere
Describe the process of adult cell cloning.
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In adult cell cloning the nucleus of an adult cell (i.e.skin cell) replaces the nucleus of an egg cell.
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The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. The nucleus is removed from the skin cell + placed in the ‘empty’ egg cell.
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The new cell is given an electric shock, causing it to start to divide (the ball of cells is called an embryo)
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The embryo is genetically identical to the adult skin cell
Once the embryo has developed into a ball of cells it is inserted into a host mother -
Dolly the sheep was produced by adult cell cloning in 1997
What are the advantages of using cloning and genet
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Cloning cattle can produce herds of cattle with useful characteristics.
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Adult cell cloning can be used to make copies of the best animals (i.e race horses).
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If a person has a faulty gene, they may have a genetic disorder. If the correct gene can be transferred to the person, they could be cured.
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Several medical drugs (insulin + antibodies) have been produced by genetic engineering
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GM crops incl those resistant to herbicides/insect
What are the advantages of using cloning and genet
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GM crops have a bigger yield, but farmers have to buy new GM seed every year as the crops are infertile.
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Concerns about accidentally introducing genes into wild flower populations
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Insects which aren’t pests may be affected by GM crops.
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Concerns about effects of eating GM crop on human health + long term effects are unknown.
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