B1

What is the Benedict test used for?

• to test for sugars.
  What soulution do you use for starch?
• iodine.
  How do you test for starch?
• make a food sample and add few drops of iodine soulution, gently shake and it should change from brown/orange to black or blue/black if contains starch.

Air moves in and out of lungs.
Whaere does the air that we breath in go through?

• the trachea.
  What does the aveloli in our lungs do and how?
• carry out gas exchange by oxygen diffusing to a higher concentration into blood where lower concentration and then carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood, higher concentration to air in the alveolus, the lower concentration. The blood then leaves lungs to travel round rest of body.

How do I calculate breathing rate?

• by number of breaths divided by number of mins.
  What does the circulatory system do?
• carries food and oxygen to every cell in body and waste to where it can be removed.
  What is the CS made up of?
• heart, blood vessels, and blood.
  How many chambers does the heart have?
  _ 4
  What Do the wall of the chambers made of and why’s?
• muscle tissues to pump the blood around body.
  What do the valves In the Heart do?
• stop blood flowing backwards
  What is the difference between pace maker and artificial pace maker?
• pacemaker tell heart when to pump blood and is controlled by group of cells in right atrium wall. An artificial pacemaker is a small electrical device which can be used to keep heart beating regularly.

Where does the blood flow?

• around the blood vessels.
  Name the 3 different types of blood vessels:
  1) arteries 2) capillaries 3) veins.
  What do arteries do?
• carry blood away from heart.
  What do capillaries do?
• they carry blood really close to each cel, in body to exchange substances with them, and supply food and oxygen and take away waste like co2.
  What do veins do?
• take blood back to heart.
  How do You calculate the rate of blood flow?
• rate if blood flow = volume of blood flow + number of mins .
  What isn’t bloods job?
• act as a huge transport system.

What do red blood cells carry?
-oxygen
Why are red blood cells shape so deep?

• gives them a large surface area to absorb oxygen.
  Red blood cells do not have nucleus true or false?
• true
  What do white blood cells do?
• defend against infections
  What do they sometimes produce?
  antibodies to defend against microorganisms
  Do they have a nucleus?
• yes
  What are platelets and why?
• help blood clot around wound to stop blood poring out and stops any microorganism getting in.
  What is plasma?
  The liquid that carries everything in blood.
  What does it carry?
• red and white blood cells and platelets, food molecules like glucose and amino acids, waste products like co2, hormones and proteins.

What is cardiovascular disease?

• diseases of heart or blood vessels.
  Give an example of CD:
• Coronary heart disease which is when layers of fatty material build up in Conoray arteries which causes arteries to become narrow which reduces blood flow to heart muscle, this means less oxygen which can result in heart attack.
  What are stents?
• tubes to keep Coronary arteries open.
  What happens if you develop high cholesterol?
• cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries. Satins are drugs to help this.
  What are risk factors?
• they increase your chance of getting a disease.
  Name a factor that can affect risk factors to cause a disease directly:
• smoking, obesity, drinking too much alcohol.

Why do people need a heart transplant and how do they get one?

• in case they have heart failure where the heart can’t pump enough blood. It is replaced by a domed heart when someone dies.
  What happens if donor heart isn’t avalible?
• doctors may fit artificial heart.
  What is artificial heart?
  A machine that pumps blood around body.
  What are advantages of artificial heart?
• made from metals or plastics which means they are less likely to be attacked by body’s immune system.
  What are disadvantages? -
• surgery to fit it can lead to bleeding and infection, they dint work as well as healthy natural ones, blood doesn’t flow through artificial hearts as smoothly as through a natural heart, which leads to blood clots and strokes. The patient has to take drugs to thin blood out this means they bleed a lot more if they have an accident.

The valves in the heart can be damaged by heart attacks, infection or old age. This may cause the vaulve to stiffen so won’t open properly. A valve may become leaky, blood flows in both directions instead of just forward. This means blood doesn’t flow around body as well. Damaged valves can’t be replaced by biological valves from humans or other mammals or b mechinaical valves which are man made, replacing a valve isn’t less risky than heart transplant but can still be problems with blood clots

What is a communicable disease?

• diseases that spread from person to person or between animals and people. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi,
  Give an example of a communicable disease.
• measles and malaria.
  What is a non communicable disease?
  _ diseases that cannot spread between people or animals like conorary beard disease.
  What does the immune system help do?
• fight off pathogens.
  What do viruses affect and why is it bad?
• cells in body which leads to some cancers.
  What can affect your health?
• a bad diet, stress eg.

How is cancer caused?
_ uncontrolled cell growth and division which results in a tumor.
Name a few factors that can cause cancer:

• smoking, obesity, viral infection, the sun.
  Why are there more people surviving cancer?
• treatments improved, doctors diagnose earlier, more people are being screened/tested for cancer, people know about the risk factors for cancer.

In a plant cell which parts are the organs?

• stems/roots/leaves.
  What do these organs do?
• transport substances around plant.
  What is stomata?
• let gases diffuse into and out of leaf.
  What are phloem tubes?
• transport food
  What are xylem tubes?
• takes up water.

What is transpiration?

• the loss of water from the plant.
  How is transpiration?
• caused by evaporation and diffusion of water from p,ants surface.
  How is transpiration rate affected?
• air flow, the more windy it is the faster transpiration happens. Temp, warmer it is the faster transpiration happen because water particles have more energy so they evaporate and diffuse out of stomata. Humidity,of air is humid there is water in it already, means there isn’t much difference between inside and outside of leaf which means diffusion won’t happen fast. The drier lead around is the faster transpiration happens. Light intensity, brighter light the greater transpiration rate is. Photosynthesis cannot happen in dark so stomata being to close as it gets darker. When stomata closed very little water can escape.

Guard cells control gas exchange and water loss it surrounds stomata and change shape to control size of stomata. When plants have lots of water guard cells fill get fat so open and exchanged for photosynthesis opposite for when closed.

Name the 4 main types of pathogens:
1) bacteria 2) viruses 3) Protists, 4) fungi.
What are pathogens?

• microorganisms that enter body and cause disease.
  How dan pathogens be spread?
• water, picked up by drinking/breathing, bathing in dirty water. Air, carried in air and breathed in like droplets when you sneeze or cough. Direct contact, by touching surfaces they are on.
  How can the spread of disease be prevented?
• being hygienic, wash hands. Destroying vectors using insecides. Vectors are organisms that spread disease killing them helps stop disease from being passed on. Isolating infected individuals, keep someone away who has a spreadable disease away from others which prevents passing it on. A vaccination which stops people and animals getting a spreadable disease and passing it on.

What are bacteria cells?

• small cells that reproduce rapidly inside body and can make you feel ill by prouducing toxins which damage cells and tissues.

Name a bacterial disease:

• gonorrhoea and salmonella, salmonella is food poisoning infected people can suffer from fever, stomachs cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. Caused by toxins from bacteria. You can get it by eating food with salmonella bacteria in already. Eg, eating chicken that caught disease whilst alive. Eating food that has been made with bacteria Present eg unclean kitchen.

In the uk most poltry have a vaccination against salmonella in uk to control spread of disease.

Gonorrhea is a sextually transmitted disease by having unprotected sex. People who have it get pain when urinating and thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis. To prevent it people can be treated by antibiotics and use barrier methods such as condoms.

What are viruses?
Viruses reproduce rapidly inside body. They live in cells and make copies of themselves then burst releasing new viruses. The cell damage is what makes you feel ill.
What are measles?

• a viral disease that is spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze/cough. They develop a skin rash If people caught with it and show signs of fever and is very serious as people can die if there are problems. Because of this most people are vaccinated from it when young.
  What is HIV?
  A virus spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids like blood this can happen when share of needles when taking drugs. To start with HIV causes flue like symptoms for a few weeks after that person doesn’t useally have symptoms for years. It can be treated with antritroviral drugs which stop virus copying itself in body if not controlled virus attacks immune cells. If body’s immune system is badly damaged it can’t cope with other infections or cancers which this stage is known as late HIV or AIDS.
  What is tobacco mosaic virus?
  A virus that affects many species of plants eg tomatoes. Causes leaves to become discoloured and a mosaic pattern. The discoloured leaves have less chlorophyll to absorb light this means less photosynthesis happens in leaves so plant can’t make enough food to grow.

What is rose black spot?

• a fungal disease.
  How is it caused?
• purple black spots on leaves of rose plants so leaves turn yellow and drop off. This means less photosynthesis happens so plant doesn’t grow well.
  How is it spread?
• by water or by wind.
  How can gardeners treat this?
• by using fungicides, chemicals that kill fungi or ***** affected leaves of plant, these leaves need to be destroyed so that fungus can’t spread to other rose plants.

How is malaria caused?

• by a protist
  How is it caused?
• part of protists life cycle takes place inside mosquito and mosquitos are vectors there fore they help spread malaria by mosquito pick up protist when feed on infected animal. The mosquitos don’t get malaria but pass it on to humans and animals when they bite. These get malaria. People can die from malaria, the spread of malaria can’t be reduced by stop breeding mosquitos. People can be protected by the bites by using mosquitos nets.

What does the skin do?

• stops pathogens getting inside you and releases substances that kill pathogens.
  What do nose hairs do?
• trap particles that could contain pathogens.
  What doesn’t mucus/snot do?
• the trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia which move the mucus up to back of throat where can Ben swallows.
  What does stomachs acid do?
• the stomachs makeshift hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens in stomachs.
  What can I’m une system do?
• attack pathogens.
  What is phagocytosis?
• white blood cells can surround pathogens and digest them.
  What else do white blood cells do?
• produce antibodies to make sure the pathogens can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. If the person is infected with same pathogen again the white blood cells will rapidly make the antibodies kill it whichever makes person naturally immune to that pathogen and won’t get ill.
  What do producing antitoxins do?
• these stop toxins produced by the invading bacteria from working.