B1

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Types of Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

More complex

Have genetic information

Have a nucleus - Entire genetic information

Organelles include

Ribosomes - Protein synthesis

Membrane - Controls what goes out of the cell and in the cell

Cytoplasm - Chemical reactions take place here

Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell. Aerobic respiration happens here.

Plant Cells have all the above, but include more:

Cell wall - Keeps cell rigid

Vacuole - Sugars and Salts

Chloroplast - Photosynthesis

Prokaryotic Cells

Smaller and simpler

Have genetic information

Genetic information stored as one long chromosome

Plasmid - Small loops of extra DNA. Modify the cell. Not in all Prokaryotic Cells.

Do not have a nucleus

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How ti use a Microscope

Light passes through it.

Put a drop of water from a pipette onto a glass slide and use tweezers to place your specimen onto your slide.

Stain it if it is transparent or colourless so you can see it clearer.

Place a cover slip on the slide at an angle with a mounted needle

Lower carefully so there is no air bubbles.

Clip it on microscope

Use lowest magnification lens

Use coarse knob to move the stage up so stage is just beneath the lens.

Adjust focus with the fine knob.

If you need to see the specimen closer, use a higher objective lens.

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Labelling a Microscope

Eyepiece

 High and low power objective lens

Clip

Coarse Knob

Fine Knob

Stage

Light

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Genome

Chromosomes - Long molecules of DNA.

Genome - Entire genetic material

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell

DNA - Polymer

Polymer - Made of monomers :|

Genes - Instructions

Small sections of DNA

Create a particular amino acid to then make proteins

Proteins control a particular characteristic

Genotype - Alleles that mother and father pass on

Phenotype - Characteristic that the organism has

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DNA

Made of Nucleotides

Nucleotides made up of sugar, phosphate and base.

Sugar and phosphate make up the backbone

A T C G are the bases

Complementary Base Pairs:

A joins with T

C joins with G.

A is Adenine, T is Thymine

C is Cytosine, G is Guanine

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Proteins and Protein Sythesis

Polymers of amino acids

Coded in triplets

DNA unzips and gene is used as a template for mRNA

Complementary pairs join together.

Uracil joins with Adenine.

mRNA leaves nucleas and is attached to the ribosomes.

Ribosomes read mRNA in triplets. Protein is made.

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Genetic Engineering

Transfers genes between organisms.

Recieves a new, useful characteristic

Gene for insulin goes into a bacterium. Bacteria then replicates to produce insulin for treatment.

Gene that helps fish survive in cold water is put in tomato plants. Tomato plant can survive cold temperatures.

Useful gene isolated using enzymes

Gene replicated many times

Inserted in vector. Can be virus or bacterial plasmid. Then mixed with other cells. Cells take the vectors and will then be genetically modified.

Used in Agriculture and Medicine

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