Attachment - Privation
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- Created by: Holly
- Created on: 30-04-15 15:49
Key Study - Hodges and Tizard
Methodology:
- Followed 65 British chidren from birth to adolescence who had been placed in institutional care when they were younger than 4 months old and had not yet formed attachments.
- The caretakers in the institution were forbidden from forming attachments with the children.
Findings:
- The children who were 'restored' to their families were less likely to have formed attachments with their mothers.
- The adopted children were as closely attached to their parents as they were to 'normal' children in the control group.
- All children who had been in an institution had problems with peers.
- They were less likely to have friends and be liked, but were more likely to be bullies.
Suggests:
- Early privation has a negative irreverisble effect on future relationships.
- Supports Bowlby's sensitive period idea.
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Romanian Orphanages - Rutter et al
Methodology:
- Studied a group of 100 Romanian orphans and assessed them when they were 4, 6, and 11.
Findings:
- Children who were adopted by British parents before they were 6 months had 'normal' development when compared to adopted children from the UK at the same age.
- Many Romanian children who were adopted after 6 months showed disinhabited attachments and had problems with peers.
Suggests:
- Long-term consequences may be less severe if children have the opportunity to form attachments.
- When children do not form attachments the consequences are more severe.
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Attachment Disorder
"when some children experience disruptions of early attachments this affects their social and emotional development."
There are two kinds of attachment disorder:
reactive/inhibited - shy and withdrawn, unable to cope with social situations.
disinhibited - over-friendly and attention seeking.
Children with attachment disorder have:
no preffered attachment figure
an inability to interact and relate to others (this is evident before the age of 5)
experience of severe neglect of frequent change of caregiver
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Evaluation - Poor Parenting | Deprivation Dwarfism
Poor parenting:
- Quinton et al
- Compared 50 women who had grown up in institutions to 50 women who had grown up at home.
- The women who had been in institutions had extreme difficulties acting as parents.
- More of these women had children that had spent time in care compared to those who hadn't been institutionalised.
Deprivation dwarfism:
- Gardner
- Lack of emotional care is the cause of 'dwarfism'.
- Case study of a malformed girl who wasn't nurtured by her mother. She was physically stunted when she was 8 months old.
- Suggests that emotional disturbance may affect the production of hormones. This would explain the link between disruption of attachment and dwarfism.
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Evaluation - Factors, Rejection, Long-Term Effects
Only one factor:
- One-third of the Romanian orphans recovered well so not all children are unable to recover from failing to form attachments during the sensitive period.
- Privation alone cannot explain the negative outcomes.
- Turner and Lloyd: it is more likely that damage only occurs when there are multiple factors (e.g. poor subsequent care or insecure attachment).
Privation or rejection?:
- We cannot be sure that the children studied failed to form attachments.
- Could be possible that later problems are caused by other factors such as feeling rejected.
Long-term effects
- Cannot be sure to what extent the negative effects continued into adult life.
- Romanian study: last assessment was at 11 years old.
- Hodges and Tizard: not possible to get a large enough group of the children back
- Could be that ex-institutional children need more time to mature and learn about relationships. They may be able to eventually recover if they have the right kind of care.
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