ATP

All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose and other sugars.

How is ATP made?

• plants - during photosynthesis
• other organsisms through breaking down glucose.
• cellular (anerobic) respiration

ATP occurs in 3 main respiration processes:

• glycolsis 
• krebs cycle
• electron transport chain.

glyco = sugar, lysis = breaking down

• is the process of breaking down sugar in the cytoplasm using ATP
• it's also called carbohydrate splitting.
• anerobic (does not need energy.)

1) Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using ATP;

2) Production of triose phospahte  (TP) - sugar phosphate;

3) Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate with a NET gain of ATP and NADH. (NAD+ has gained hydrogen from each triose phosphate.)

• occurs in the mitochondria

1) Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coA to enter the Krebs cycle;

2) acetyl-coA (2 carbon molecule) reacts with a a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule;

3) A series of oxidation-reduction reactions produce reduced NAD, FAD and NADP (reduced coenzymes) and ATP. Some carbon dioxide is lost.

• occurs in mitochondria

1) Reduced NAD (NADH) or reduced FAD (FADH2) release hydrogen atoms which provide electrons to transfer down the electron transfer chain;

2) As electrons are passed down the chain, energy is released which is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP;

3) The final acceptor of electrons is oxygen, which forms water.