As history mr Scott

Lambert Simnel

Pretended to be Edward, Earl of Warwick
24th May 1487 crowned 'Edward VI'
Henry made simnel a turnspit in kitchen as punishment
Dec 1487 Henry attainted and confiscated lands of 28 supporting nobles.

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Perkin Warbeck

Claimed to be Richard of York
Supported by France - 100 yorkist supporters joined him in Paris in 1492
Maximillian recognised him as Richard IV
Margaret of Burgundy recognised him as her nephew
Sir William Stanley showed his support and was executed as a consequence

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Cornish Rebellion

Because of 1497 subsidy and two fifteenths and tenths
Last time Henry attempted to raise a subsidy
Rebels defeated on 22 June at Blackheath

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Privy council

Dealt with security issues, financial affairs and foreign affairs.
Being on privy council was a reward as it increased status.
Henry kept 21 councillors who had served Edward 4th and Richard 3rd because they had experience and it showed uniting of the 2 houses.

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Act of 1487

Illegal to retain royal tennants, household officers or those living on crown demesne lands
Largely repeated act of 1468 but paid closer attention to interpretation of law: i.e. 'lawful service'.

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Pro Camera Stella

Means 'in the room with the stars on the ceiling'.
Sub group of the privy council.
Set up in 1487 (new).
Responsible for laws relating to public order and administration of the law.

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Justices of the peace

Primary organ of local government
Responsible for maintaining public order
Chosen from amongst local landowners

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Council leared in the law

Sub group of Privy council
Set up in 1495 (new)
Designed to protect Kings position as feudal landlord.
1504 - Richard Empson in charge

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Order of the garter

Way of rewarding nobles
In Henry 7ths reign 36 joined the order
Required no outlay of land or money

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Great council

Comprised of lords temporal and spiritual
On 2 occasions invited town representatives to attend, e.g. 1487, during Simnell rebellion.
Called when politially useful for king, E.g. 1492 when Henry gets paid to leave France, as he called a meeting he can claim nobles begged him to leave France.

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Over mighty subjects

controlled who nobles could marry
required nobles to prove loyalty before they could have what was theirs.
E.g. Duke of Buckingham
Used Bonds and recognisances

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Yeomen-of-the-guard

First permanent military grouping in country.
200 men
Idea from King of France
Deliver messages, bodyguard, do errands.

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Enclosure

Midlands region most affected
could lead to eviction of families
1489 parliament passed a law against it

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Auditors

Check accounts - make sure people aren't defrauding the King.
Adhoc auditors appointed as king (Edward 4th) found neccassary.
Henry 7th introduced general surveyors - an idea from duchy of lancaster.

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Parliament

Only met to pass laws and grant taxes
comprised of house of lords and house of commons
only met 7 times under Henry

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Trade act of 1485/6

Forbade English merchants from loading cargoes on Foreign ships unless no english ones were available.
Trade with Bordeux/Gascony was reserved for English ships.
At least half the crew must be English.

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Crown lands

1486 Act of resumption - reclaiming all land since 1455
Had Yorkist and Lancastrian lands
Start of reign - Duchy of Lancaster = £650/annum by end of reign was £6,500

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Customs duties (tonnage and poundage)

1485 ws largest share of kings income
Most common items were wool, leather, cloth and wine.
1487 merchants doing coastal trade had to get a certificate.

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Feudal dues

Money paid to king in lieu of military service (scutage)
Includes wardship - use of estates and profits from them, mariage and livery
1487 feudal dues accounted for £350, by 1503, master of the kings wards had been appointed and profits rose to £6,000.

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Profits of Justice

Henry was head of judicial system
Most criminal acts punished with fines - not executions

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Parliamentary Grants

Reluctant to levy taxes - only did so when national interest was threatened
When King required more money multiples of the 15th and 10th could be levied
In 1489 Henry tried to raise £100,000. was unsuccessful only £27,000 collected.

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Loans and benevolences

Henry could rely on loans from leading subjects
Benevolence= forced loan
1491 Henry raised £48,500 this way for war against France

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Clerical taxes

Church would often make contributions towards taxation
1489 contributed £25,000 towards cost of war with France.
Simony - (selling positions)

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Feudal obligations

Entitled to demand feudal aid on certain occasions
E.g. knighting of eldest son or marriage of eldest daughter
In 1504 this earned him £30,000 for knighting of prince Arthur and marriage of Margaret

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French Pension

Part of treaty of etaples (1492)
Henry received pension of £5,000 a year
Total amount payable was £150,000

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Bonds and recognisances

Bonds derived from privy council
recognisances derived from legal process
used to secure good conduct from officials
A way of keeping peace and ensuring loyalty

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The exchequer

worked under system of assignment
couldn't build a reserve of cash
between 1460 & 1485 only 28% of revenues were ever handled directly by exchequer
Sometimes had to borrow money to meet short term expenses.

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The Chamber

Adopted this due to ineffectiveness of exchequer
Mid 1940's became primary tool of financial management but Henry didn't use it straight away as didn't have experience.
Didn't make Bureaucracy of te exchequer

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People looking after Henry 7ths money

Henry was own chief auditor
Sir Reginald Bray was Henrys chief financial advisor
1488 Bray made lord treasurer
5 months later lord Dinham took over

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Assignment

Where money was scattered all over the country where it had been collected.
Problem = King never knew how much money he had
Between 1460 and 1485 only 28% of kings income was ever held centrally.

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Days of peace

Wardens of the marches from each side came together to settle legal disputes.
At one ; Scot Sir Robert, warden of the middle march was killed by the English John, the *******, Heron.

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The council of Wales and the marches

Henry revived council in 1493
Normally headed it with 7 year old son, Arthur.
In 1499-unofficial council of the marches was formed - headed by Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort

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Council of the North

Originally in hands of traditional Northern magnates such as Percys or Dacres.
Following murder of earl of Northumberland in 1489 Henry divided responsibility for council between Lord Dacre and Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey.

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Poynings Law

1494 Irish parliament met at Drogheda
Irish parliament could only be summoned and pass laws with Kings prior approval.
No further legislation discussed unless approved by kings and the council
Laws made in England automatically apply to Ireland

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Treaty of Sable

Result of 1488 when Bretons defeated at battle of St. Aubin De Cormier
Agreed Anne would marry CHarles 8th
3 weeks later Duke Francis died and Anne De Beaujeau claimed Anne of Brittany.

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Treaty of Redon

February 1489
England and Brittany
Bretons agreed to pay the costs of 6,000 men that Henry agreed to send to them in June 1489

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Treaty of Medina Del Campo

Spain promised not to help English rebels, a large dowry to help England recover Normandy and Aquitaine, to aid England should it be at war wit France.
England promised to aid Spain should it be at war with France, to help Spain recover Cerdagne and Rousillon.
1489

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Leauge of Cambrai

1508
Ostensibly for crusade against turks but in reality an anti-spanish alliance

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Treaty of Etaples

3rd November 1492
Charles wanted to keep Brittany and get rid of Henry so terms were generous
Agreed to pay arrears of monies agreed to be paid to Edward 4th, to cover Henry 7ths costs and not to help English rebels
Agreed to pay 745,000 gold crowns at 50,000 gold crowns a year

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Days of peace

Wardens of the marches from each side came together to settle legal disputes.
At one ; Scot Sir Robert, warden of the middle march was killed by the English John, the *******, Heron.

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The council of Wales and the marches

Henry revived council in 1493
Normally headed it with 7 year old son, Arthur.
In 1499-unofficial council of the marches was formed - headed by Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort

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Treaty of Windsor

February 1506
Recognise Philip as king of Castille
Philip to marry Margaret of Savoy
Philip to hand over Edmund de la Pole

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Council of the North

Originally in hands of traditional Northern magnates such as Percys or Dacres.
Following murder of earl of Northumberland in 1489 Henry divided responsibility for council between Lord Dacre and Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey.

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Bequests

Form of money, property of land and represented gifts from peoples wills.
Form of church income
Usually made for prayers and masses to be said for the repose of deceased's soul = ease time in purgatory.

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Church lands

Form of church income
church owned between 25-33% of land in England.
'Glebe' land provided regular income for parish churches and monastries.
Land could be rented out or used for sheepgrazing

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Poynings Law

1494 Irish parliament met at Drogheda
Irish parliament could only be summoned and pass laws with Kings prior approval.
No further legislation discussed unless approved by kings and the council
Laws made in England automatically apply to Ireland

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Treaty of Sable

Result of 1488 when Bretons defeated at battle of St. Aubin De Cormier
Agreed Anne would marry CHarles 8th
3 weeks later Duke Francis died and Anne De Beaujeau claimed Anne of Brittany.

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Tithe

Form of church income
A tenth of a man's wealth, usually given in rural areas in terms of a proportion of the harvest.
Some opposition but this a rare occurence.
Opposition to mortuary payments (a payment to make up for missed tithes)

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Treaty of Redon

February 1489
England and Brittany
Bretons agreed to pay the costs of 6,000 men that Henry agreed to send to them in June 1489

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Cess

A form of church income
Money required for a churchs structure
e.g. new steeple
An obligatory tax could be imposed by church wardens.

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Treaty of Medina Del Campo

Spain promised not to help English rebels, a large dowry to help England recover Normandy and Aquitaine, to aid England should it be at war wit France.
England promised to aid Spain should it be at war with France, to help Spain recover Cerdagne and Rousillon.
1489

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Voluntary contributions

Form of church income
Contributions taken towards the paschal candle at easter.
Church also brew ales for sale on religious holidays such as saints' days.

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Leauge of Cambrai

1508
Ostensibly for crusade against turks but in reality an anti-spanish alliance

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Humanism

Rejected idea of original sin, but believed humans had free will and culd choose to lead a virtious life.
Believed original texts should be studied and this belief lead to new interest in learning ancient Greek
Challenged ideas of transubstantiation

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Treaty of Etaples

3rd November 1492
Charles wanted to keep Brittany and get rid of Henry so terms were generous
Agreed to pay arrears of monies agreed to be paid to Edward 4th, to cover Henry 7ths costs and not to help English rebels
Agreed to pay 745,000 gold crowns at 50,000 gold crowns a year

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Feudal obligations

Entitled to demand feudal aid on certain ccasions, e.g knighting of eldest son or marriage of eldest daughter.
In 1504 this earned him £30,000 for knighting of prince Arthur and marriage of Margaret. M

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Treaty of Windsor

February 1506
Recognise Philip as king of Castille
Philip to marry Margaret of Savoy
Philip to hand over Edmund de la Pole

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Privy Council

Dealt with security issues, financial affairs and foreign affairs.
Being on privy council was a reward as it increased status.
Henry 7th kept 21 councillors who served Edward 4th and Richard 3rd as they had experience and it illustrates uniting of the roses.

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Bequests

Form of money, property of land and represented gifts from peoples wills.
Form of church income
Usually made for prayers and masses to be said for the repose of deceased's soul = ease time in purgatory.

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Pro camera stella

sub group of privy council
means 'in the room with the stars on the ceiling'
set up in 1487 (new)
Responsible for laws relating to public order and administration of the law.

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Church lands

Form of church income
church owned between 25-33% of land in England.
'Glebe' land provided regular income for parish churches and monastries.
Land could be rented out or used for sheepgrazing

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Council leared in the law

Sub group of privy council
Set up in 1495 (new)
Designed to protect kings position as feudal landlord.
1504-Richard Empson in charge.

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Tithe

Form of church income
A tenth of a man's wealth, usually given in rural areas in terms of a proportion of the harvest.
Some opposition but this a rare occurence.
Opposition to mortuary payments (a payment to make up for missed tithes)

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Great council

Comprised of lords temporal and spiritual
On 2 occasions invited town representatives to attend, e.g. 1487, during simnell rebellion
Called when politically useful for king, e.g. 1492 when Henry gets paid to leave france, as he called a meeting he can claim nobles begged him to leave.

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Cess

A form of church income
Money required for a churchs structure
e.g. new steeple
An obligatory tax could be imposed by church wardens.

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Yeomen-of-the-guard

First permanent military grouping in country
200 men
Idea from king of France
Deliver messages, bodyguard, do errands

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Voluntary contributions

Form of church income
Contributions taken towards the paschal candle at easter.
Church also brew ales for sale on religious holidays such as saints' days.

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Auditors

Check accounts - make sure people aren't defrauding the king
Adhoc auditors appointed as king (Edward 4th) found necassary
Henry 7th introduced general surveyors - an iea from Duchy of Lancaster

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Humanism

Rejected idea of original sin, but believed humans had free will and culd choose to lead a virtious life.
Believed original texts should be studied and this belief lead to new interest in learning ancient Greek
Challenged ideas of transubstantiation

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Hanseatic league

1485 carried out ost trade
Federation of North german/baltic cities and towns such as Bremen and Danzig

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Feudal obligations

Entitled to demand feudal aid on certain ccasions, e.g knighting of eldest son or marriage of eldest daughter.
In 1504 this earned him £30,000 for knighting of prince Arthur and marriage of Margaret. M

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Trade act of 1489

English ships must be used if available, for english merchants to import.
Successful as led to retaliation by Hanse and Spain
Stopped foreign merchants buying wool until England had what it needed

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Privy Council

Dealt with security issues, financial affairs and foreign affairs.
Being on privy council was a reward as it increased status.
Henry 7th kept 21 councillors who served Edward 4th and Richard 3rd as they had experience and it illustrates uniting of the roses.

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Merchant adventurers

Exported most cloth
1493 Henry banned cloth exports to Antwerp as way of putting pressure on Margaret of Burgundy.
Ordered merchant adventurers to move foreign operations to Calais

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Pro camera stella

sub group of privy council
means 'in the room with the stars on the ceiling'
set up in 1487 (new)
Responsible for laws relating to public order and administration of the law.

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Magnus Intercursus

Signed in 1496
Merchant adventurers allowed to sell cloth anywhere in Burgundy, except Flanders without having to pay customs duties.

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Council leared in the law

Sub group of privy council
Set up in 1495 (new)
Designed to protect kings position as feudal landlord.
1504-Richard Empson in charge.

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Malus Intercursus

Trade between England and low countries to be free.
English merchants allowed to anchor or transfer goods between ships in Philip's harbours without paying any duty.
Philip's subjects to pay duties agreed in 1496 regardless of whether goods are landed or sold.
Philip not to restrict importation of English cloth, or place duties upon it.
1506 Philip dies so in 1507 return to Magnus Intercursus.

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Great council

Comprised of lords temporal and spiritual
On 2 occasions invited town representatives to attend, e.g. 1487, during simnell rebellion
Called when politically useful for king, e.g. 1492 when Henry gets paid to leave france, as he called a meeting he can claim nobles begged him to leave.

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Treaty of Ayton

September 1497
Henry wuldn't sign it until Warbeck left Scotland.
Between England and Scotland.

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Yeomen-of-the-guard

First permanent military grouping in country
200 men
Idea from king of France
Deliver messages, bodyguard, do errands

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Perpetual peace

Between England and Scotland
February 1502
Extended Ayton Peace
Arranged marriage of James 8th to Margaret

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Auditors

Check accounts - make sure people aren't defrauding the king
Adhoc auditors appointed as king (Edward 4th) found necassary
Henry 7th introduced general surveyors - an iea from Duchy of Lancaster

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Hanseatic league

1485 carried out ost trade
Federation of North german/baltic cities and towns such as Bremen and Danzig

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Trade act of 1489

English ships must be used if available, for english merchants to import.
Successful as led to retaliation by Hanse and Spain
Stopped foreign merchants buying wool until England had what it needed

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Merchant adventurers

Exported most cloth
1493 Henry banned cloth exports to Antwerp as way of putting pressure on Margaret of Burgundy.
Ordered merchant adventurers to move foreign operations to Calais

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Magnus Intercursus

Signed in 1496
Merchant adventurers allowed to sell cloth anywhere in Burgundy, except Flanders without having to pay customs duties.

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Malus Intercursus

Trade between England and low countries to be free.
English merchants allowed to anchor or transfer goods between ships in Philip's harbours without paying any duty.
Philip's subjects to pay duties agreed in 1496 regardless of whether goods are landed or sold.
Philip not to restrict importation of English cloth, or place duties upon it.
1506 Philip dies so in 1507 return to Magnus Intercursus.

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Treaty of Ayton

September 1497
Henry wuldn't sign it until Warbeck left Scotland.
Between England and Scotland.

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Perpetual peace

Between England and Scotland
February 1502
Extended Ayton Peace
Arranged marriage of James 8th to Margaret

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Lollardy

Lollards followers of John Wycliffe, oxford academic, who condemned clerical abuses.
Denied transubstantiation, called monks and priests "ravening wolves" and "fat cows" and called pope "a limb of lucifer"
During Henry 8ths reign 70 people tried for Heresy - 3 burned.

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Complaints of church

Ambition, which lead to scramble for office and to pluralism
carnal and moral laxity
covetousness, which made the clergy greedy and uncharitable
Too great a concern for the affairs of the secular world

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England and papacy

Henry 7th received endorsement of pope Innocent VIII
Dispensation for Henry 7th to marry Elizabeth of york
Henry 8th strong links in 1511 for example creation of holy league.

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Monastries and nunneries

1487 Henry petitioned pope for help in reforming religious orders
Pope gave archbishop Morton power to visit and reform all religious houses, including those free from royal interference.
Took community of Franciscan observants under his protection
Transferred 3 conventual houses to the observants.

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