AS TUDORS - HENRY VII

• AIMS:Establish effective govt., maintain law and order, control the nobility, secure finances
• Henry VII became King after defeating Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth in August, 1485
• He begun the new dynasty - the Tudors
• He needed to establish his dynasty to consolidate his power because his claim was weak  
• Richard and his supporters were named as enemies
• He held his coronation before meeting Parliament, so it couldn't be said the Parliament made him King
• He married Elizabeth of York, uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster
• Birth of their son Arthur early on in his reign helped him establish his dynasty - clear heir to throne equaled to stability
• Enlisted support from the Church and gained control of the nobility
• Secured relations with the Pope, and kings of France and Spain, who recognised his legitimacy of kingship    
• Parliament used - went on royal progess hear petitions - using his power
• Didn't call parliament frequently
• Failure of Simnel and Warbeck rebellion strengthened his hold of government
• Dated his reign day before BoB,fighting against king - imprisoned Yorkists with better claim                                                                                                
  

CARROTS:

ORDER OF THE GARTER- nobles join exclusive club, no money or land as reward
PEERAGE- few peers in his time, great honour
JUSTICE'S OF PEACE - JP in county's ensure loyalty, honour to become one
KINGS COUNCIL - asked for advice, granted when loyalty shown. 43 - 70% were asked back

STICKS:

ACTS OF ATTAINDER - Acts if nobles were guilty against crown-treason. Family lose rights to inherit land and money, can be reversed. Passed when Henry faced crises
LAWS AGAINST RETAINING - illegal to keep private armies. Earl of Oxford fined £10,000
BONDS AND RECOGNISANCES - loyalty suspected(yorkist)guarantee of good behaviour
COUNCIL LEARNED IN LAW - Run by Empson and Dudley, debt collecting agency - hated fiercely - had to execute them
PLACEMENT - Mistrusted nobles away from powerbase, need to prove to get title
FEUDAL DUES - Things King required from nobles to keep land. Wardships - control land and marriage of children. Relief - paid by children if parents die to get land.

COUNCIL:

• His council was the heart of Parliament, this is how he ruled and 227 men attended. Most likely only trusted 6 or 7 close attenders.
• Council communicated between King and people with the Justices of Peace maintaining the endorsed policies - messages constantly flowing in and out, everything kept in order.
• Star Chamber 1495 - special committee for controlling over might nobles
• Council Learned in Law 1495 - effective but disliked as it collected debts, was very harsh.

PARLIAMENT:

• Called 7 times in his reign. called 5 times in first 10 years when he was less secure.
• Became confident and summoned less, only summoned for attainders/grants passing
• Showing that he was a true ruler and he can only call Parliament.

JUSTICES OF PEACE:

• put down rebellions, gambling, coinage. Increase numbers-nobles, gentry, churchmen etc

LOVELL REBELLION 1486:

• Led by 3 nobles who fought under Richard III, they were arrested. 1 beheaded, 2 fled. Made it clear to Yorkists that they needed a prince to stand against Henry. 

LAMBERT SIMNEL 1486-1467:

• He claimed to be the Earl of Warwick, but Henry had Warwick imprisoned in the tower. He went to Ireland where he was crowned King Edward VI in Dublin (Earl of Warwick).
• Earl of Lincoln, Duchess of Burgundy provided 2,000 mercenaries to support any Yorkist claim even if they were fake. Elizabeth Woodville(wife) was confined, not to conspire against Tudors.
• Many Yorkist fled to exile to avoid imprisonment or execution
• Earl of Lincoln's betrayer led to the BATTLE OF STOKE '87 - opposition had 8,000 men, King had 15,000, 3hr battle, Lincoln dead. 28 acts of attainder passed for those involved.
• Rebellion meant - people were willing to follow obvious pretender to get him off the throne, He couldn't trust previous rebels, needed to appease the Yorkists. Elizabeth of York(wife) crowned

THE YORKSHIRE REBELLION 1489:

• England made plans to assist Brittany so it had independence and that they could rely on a part in France when needed.
• Parliament needed £100,000 = raise taxes, but only £27,000 was raised
  
• Caused discontent in Yorkshire especially because of bad harvest, northern counties exempt to pay to defend country from the Scots.
• He didn't want to back down so people didn't view him as weak.
• Earl of Northumberland murdered when he asked the Yorkists, Sir John Egremont led a rebellion, put down easily and he fled to Flanders - no problems but no tax.

PERKIN WARBECK 1491-99:

• Began in York, claimed to be Richard of York - dead in tower. Went to Ireland, but driven out. Went to France, harboured, but kicked out with the Treaty of Etaples. Went to Burgundy was harboured, lack cloth trade, pressure on Burgundy. Went to HRE recognised as prince, no resources so Charles VIII withdrew and focused in Italy. Stage his first invasion in England in 1495 (Kent) Henry warned and invasion put down. 

• Warbeck never disembarked into England, set sail to Ireland but was rejected again. 
• Went to Scotland and was welcomed by James IV who even provided him a wife - Lady Catherine Gordon. 
• 1496 Warbeck tried to invade England again but failed to gain support. 
• Henry proposed marriage between James IV and his daughter Margaret - peaceful forced out.
• Invasion sparked Cornish rebellion, needed taxes to defend his crown, Warbeck tried to exploit this after being rejected from Ireland again. Warbeck failed and the rebellion was crushed in Exeter. This pretender cause instability with Spain- marriage between their daughter Catherine of Aragon and Arthur in a politically unstable country.

THE CORNISH REBELLION 1497:

• Henry tried to raise taxes from the Cornish for a war on the other side of the country. Rebel army planned to march peacefully to London, share grievances, failed to enter Exeter, went to Blackheath just outside London. Captured and executed. 
• 2 interp on how far they got - widespread resentment, people joined/sympathised//Francis Bacon,"Chose to keep his army strength close to the capital"
• Lesson - people no defend, rely on diplomacy, economic decline, trade, no jobs

EDMUND DE LA POLE 1501-06

• He was a genuine claimant to the throne
• He was the brother of John De La Pole and was the heir until Henry Tudor took over
• He called himself the "White Rose" putting himself out there as the Yorkist claimant to the throne 
• He was supported by Philip of Burgundy until his boat shipwrecked on English shores
• Treaty of Windsor was negotiated by Henry where is stated that if Edmund De La Pole returned to England Henry would promise not to kill him
• De la Pole was killed in 1513, by Henry VIII

HENRY'S OBJECTIVES:

TO SECURE HIS THRONE - Used support from France to defeat Richard III

TO ACHIEVE INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF HIS KINGSHIP AND HIS DYNASTY'S LEGITIMATE SUCCESSION - Easy way to do this was to marry one of his sons to  foreign princess to create an alliance between England and another country, doing this would make them acknowledge his right to rule 

TO PROMOTE PROSPERITY IN ENGLAND - England was a trading nation, so international peace in terms of treaties would boost popularity. Less likely for rebellion

TO MAINTAIN PRESTIGE WHILST KEEPING FINANCES UP - England was now second ranking European power, treasury kept happy when England was an ally of one power, instead of conducting independent foreign policy

• France most troublesome - was large and wanted to absorb Brittany and this was an issue for Henry because he owned a debt of loyalty to the Duke of Brittany who sheltered him after he was chased out of France//If France became wealthier he would not be able to claim anything to France// Trade with Brittany threatened// safety was a paramount and if France expanded Brittany they could invade England// Easy to take back Calais - English continental possession.
• Both Maximillian of Burgundy and Ferdinand of Spain sent troops to Brittany so France couldn't take Brittany
• Other countries distracted by other wars, so Henry had to act alone
• TREATY OF REDON 1489 - promised to assist Brittany in defying France, sent 3,000 troops
• Henry delayed going into Brittany right until the very end
• Engaged in a blockade in Boulogne which led to the TREATY OF ETAPLES, 1492 - enabled Henry to assert his strength and confirm international reputation, whilst avoiding conflict.

• Burgundy was a trouble maker for Henry
• Margaret was an obvious opponent, she was the former sister of Edward IV. She and her husband Maximillian were capable of conspiring against him
• Maximillian betrayed him in Brittany by promising to send troops if Henry sent 3,000 to assist him with the French. Maximillian sent no troops
• In 1493 Philip took over the ruling of Burundy (Phillip of Burgundy), whilst Maximillian took over the Holy Roman Empire
• Henry wrote to Philip protesting the Duchess to not harbour Warbeck but it was ignored
• Henry then banished Burgundian merchants from trading with England, this lasted till 1496 when the Intercarcus Magnus was passed that removed trade barriers
• Both countries were affected by this
• Philip insisted on harbouring Yorkists, and Henry refused to back the Hapsburg against the Valois'
• In 1506, Philip was stranded in England and Henry used the time to gain the secret TREATY OF WINDSOR, which included advantageous trade for England, the release of traitor Edmucd De La Pole, and a amarriage agreement of Henry to Margaret of Savoy.

• Hnery worked to secure good relations with Spain
• MEDINA DEL CAMPO 1489 - Provided trade between the two countries, marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
• The two marries in 1501, but Arthur died in 1502
• Alliance was in danger until the marriage alliance between Cathrine and Hnery was finalised
• This was allowed with the papal dispensation and the claim she never consummated the marriage
• The death of Isabella in 1504 split Spain, as the inheritence of Castille was questioned
• Henry had to choose between Philip of Burgundy who was married to Joanna of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
• Henry tried to back out the betrothal to Catherine and chose to back Philip instead
• Spain then allied with France 
• After Philips death in 1506, Ferdinand reclaimed Castille and gained the upperhand
• He became the sole ruler of Spain and had a string alliance with France
• He didn't need England for support any longer

• In  1485 James IV was a minor ruler, so Scotland was fairly quite until 1495, when James came of age
• He harboured Warbeck in 1496 and helped launch an invasion into England
• In 1497 Henry was about to invade Scotland but was distracted by the Cornish rebelllion
• James IV was left isolated by Warbeck's departure
• It suited both Kings to make peace
• THE TREATY OF AYTON 1497, TURNED INTO A FORMAL PEACE TREATY IN 1502 - symbolised by the marriage of Jamed IV to Princess Margaret in 1503.

• Ireland supported Simnel in 1486, though Henry was remarkably lenient 
• The Earl of Kildare and other leading nobles were forced to swear an oath of allegiance to the English monarchy
• In 1491 when Warbeck was seen in Dublin Kildare a small english army was sent to Ireland
• They used the Poyning Laws which prevented Ireland calling their own Parliament, they resored order by crushing any trouble, prevented Warbeck from returning to Ireland, arrested Kildare sending him to England as a prisoner.

Henry needed a stable fiscal policy for two main reasons:

• to fund ordinary and extraordinary expenses of his government
• to continue his centralisation of power and discipline of the realm

Henry inherited a bankrupt throne but left a solvent treasury - he was competent, but was he greedy? or was he just overzealous?

EXCHEQUER AND CHAMBER:

• When he came to the throne he didn't know anything, switched from the Yorkist way of running the chamber to the exchequer.
• He switched back to the chamber in 1508 after losing significant amounts of money 
• His income went up from £11,700 to £42,000
• Everything to do with money was checked by Henry and he had to sign everything

ORDINARY:

CROWN LANDS - Henry inherited all land if tenant dies without heir Henry would get the land, Act of Resumption 1486 reclaimed all land given during the War of the Roses. £42,00 in 1508   FEUDAL DUES - Rights to demand money, King was sole owner. Paid by relief, marriage, wardship etc. Exploited this, £650 a year to £6,000 a year                                                CUSTOMS DUTIES - Paid on good entering and leaving the country, Parliament would grant to King for life. taxes on exports and imports (tunnage/poundage). £40,000 at end of his reign     LEGAL DUES - Money from fines, 

EXTRAORDINARY:

BONDS AND RECOGNISANCES - Payment as guarantee of good behaviour, loyalty suspect?LOANS AND BENEVOLENCES - Kings right to ask in emergency. council learned in law used to enforce this policy £9,000 for war in Brittany                                                                          FEUDAL DUES - demanded on extraordinary times. King entitled to gifts on occasions, £30,000 for Prince Arthurs Knighthood                                                                                             CLERICAL TAXES - Tax levied on Church, churchmen sell offices £300            PARLIAMENTARY TAXES - Parliament raise money for tax 

DOMESTIC ECONOMY:

• Was an agricultural country
• Trade was very important, served dynastic needs
• Cloth trade led to 90% of imports and exports
• Henry tried to protect cloth traders with the Hanseatic League in 1487, going further in 1489. This meant that english trade wouldn't be put on foreign ships even if English ships weren't available. This upset the Hanseatic League and England were left out of major trade.
• MAGNUS INTERCARCUS 1496: Treaty made after trading problems with Burgundy, both countries said they would leave issues out of trade and aimed to improve relationships
• INTERCARCUS MALUS 1506: Also aimed at improving trade between Burgundy, suggesting the first treaty was not successful, this wasn't that successful either as the marriage alliance between Burgundy and England didn't take place. Philip dies, leaving this treaty unsuccessful
• Burgundy was England main supplier of wool and cloth, it was a main European trading port, the ANTWERP. There was an issue as Henry needed good relations, but the duchess of Burgundy was Edward IV's sister so she hated him. He placed full embargos in trade in 1493
• France used trade as bargaining tool, Treaty of Etaples brought peace between the two
• Henry left shipping to stagnate, conduct in english but half was conducted by foreign ships