AS level biology revision cards

They are individual molecules that can bond to other identical monomers to form a polymer

Starch, cellulose and glycogen 

The joining of two molecule together with the removal of water 

The separating of two molecules with the addition of water 

Two monsaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond 

Is two or more monosaccharides joined together 

This is between monosaccharides formed by a condensation reaction and broken by a hydrolysis reaction 

Made up of amylose and amylopectin 

Found in plants 

Amylose- is long, unbranching chains with 1-4 glycosidic bonds which are coiled into a helical shape

Amylopectin- Shorter chains that are branched that has 1-4 glycosidic bonds 

Found in animals

Its insoluble and compact due to it being highly branched 

Contains a-glucose 

Made up of B-Glucose 

Found in plants 

Has polysaccharide chains that run parallel to each other with cross links between them

The chain cross links are hydrogen bonds and contribute to the strength. These are called microfibrils 

It is a very strong polysaccharide

Heat benedicts reagent with sample at around 80 degrees 

If present it will turn brick red

If there is no colour change after the reducing sugar change

Heat the solution with acid then add sodium hydroxide to neutralise it 

Then add benedicts reagent and heat 

If present will turn brick red 

Add iodine to sample and if present it will turn blue-black

1 glycerol 

3 fatty acids 

These fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated 

The bond is an ester bond between glycerol and the fatty acid 

1 glycerol 

2 fatty acids 

1 fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate

Is polar by having hydrophillic heads but hydrophobic tails 

Makes up the phospholipid bilayer 

Is the emulsions test 

Shake with ethanol then add water 

Will be milky-white emulsion if present 

2 amino acids that are joined by a peptide bond 

More than two amino acids joined by peptide bonds 

A peptide bonds two or more amino acids togehter between the carboxyl group of one and the amine group of another

Primary structure- sequence of amino acids 

Secondary structure- folding of the primary structure forming B-pleated sheets and A-helix held by hydrogen bonds 

Tertiary structure- folding again to form a final 3D shape held by ionic,hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges 

Quaternary structure- The joining of two or more polypeptides e.g. haemoglobin 

Fibrous- regular and repeating amino acids in a sequence that are insoluble and are usually structural e.g. collagen, keratin 

Globular- They are rolled up in balls that are water soluble and are usually metabolic e.g. enzymes 

Add biuret reagent to sample 

If present will turn purple

If not it will stay blue 

Lock and key- Substrate is exactly complementary to the active site so it fits in like a lock and key 

Induced fit- Active site is not complementary to substrate so active changes shape during the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex in order for the substrate to fit 

pH- If change in pH away from optimum, bonds in tertiary structure break, lose active sites shape, no ES complexes so enzymes denature

Temperature- The higher the temperature the more kinetic energy so more collision so more E-S complexes formed. This carries on until it reaches the optimum then the bonds in the active site start to break and the active site changes shape so es cannot form

Substrate- Increase substrate concentration increase successful collision. So more enzyme substrate complexes formed increasing the rate of reaction. This continues until all active sites are full 

Enzyme- Increase enzyme concentration increases successful collisions, so more ES complexes formed. This continues until all substrates used up 

Competitive- Compete with the substrate to fit into the active site. It is complementary to the active site so binds to it blocking the substrate from binding to it 

Non-Competitive- Binds to a different part of the enzyme other than the active site, this causes the active site to change shape so less enzyme substrate complexes are formed 

A phosphate

A pentose sugar 

A nitrogenous base 

A phosphate

A deoxyribose sugar 

A nitrogenous base which could be- Guanine, adenine, thymine & cytosine 

A phosphate

A ribose sugar

A nitrogenous base which are- Guanine, adenine, cytosine & uracil 

The bond between the sugar and the phosphate forming a sugar phosphate backbone 

Is a double helix 

Has complementary base pairing which are A-T and C-G which are attracte by hydrogen bonds 

DNA helicase unzips and breaks the hydrogen bonds between two strands 

One strand is exposed and is called the template strand 

Free nucleotides are complementary base pairs to the DNA strand and join by DNA polymerase 

Solvent 

Liquidity 

Cohesion 

Thermal stability 

Metabolic 

Habitat 

Water is a polar molecule 

Solvent 

Liquidity 

Cohesion 

Thermal stability 

Metabolic 

Habitat 

Water is a polar molecule