AS History 10 mark questions on Germany

• TOV takes all German colonies, half of iron, steel and coal
• Germany able to make first reparations payment but fail to make second
• France/Belguim invade German Ruhr > Passive Resistance > No production
• Germany print money > money = worthless > HYPERINFLATION (1923)
• Stresemann comes and introduces new currency "Rentenmark"
• 1924 - Dawes plan > American loans = able to repair economy
• Rising exports and wages - heavy reliance on foregin investment 'dancing on a volcano'
• October 1929 - Wall Street Crash
• All foregin loans GONE
• German economy collapses
• November 1929 - Young plan > reduces reparations 20%
• Wide spread unemployment and depression
• Stresemann dies

Schacht 1933 - 1936 - New Plan

• 'Cautious Optimist' - Focus on recovery > Background in finance
• Mefo Bills and RAD > cuts down on unemployment > Built Autobahns, schools, hospitals etc
• Pay poor countries in german currency > forces them to come back
• RAD (1935) > Pocket money > 19-25 year olds > work for 6 months
• Unemployment from 6 million to 1.5 million
• Arbeit und Brot
• November 1933 > KdF introduced > Rewards for doing work: tickets, trips, holidays etc

Goerring 1936 - 1939 - Four year plan

• Focus on rearmament - prepare for war > no background in finance > in Luftwaffe
• Germany needed Autarky (self-sufficiancy) > increase on agricultural production
• Ersatz introduced > making materials e.g. petrol from coal
• Working hours went up, pay went down

Churches                                               (Volksgemeinschaft not achieved)

• Concordat with Hitler in July 1937
• Catholic ArchBishop Von Galen > publically spoke out on Euthanasia > sermons passed around
• Popes message 'With Burning Concern' 1937 > Hitler as a 'Mad Prophet'
• Protestants created a new 'confessional church' 

Youth

• White Rose; Hans and Sophie Scholl > Anti-Nazi leaflets in Munich University > Executed in 43
• Edelweiss Pirates - Graffiti and violence against Nazis; 12 publically hanged (killed gestapo cheif in cologne)
• Swing Movements; American Jazz, drinking and refused to join Hitler Youth

Army/Military

• Bomb Plot 1944 - 'Operation Valkyrie' > Stauffenberg & Kreisau Circle
• Reichsbanner; sabotaged railway lines and worked as spies

Discrimination of Jews from 1933

• Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses
• Jews not aloud to be civil servants
• Jewish Children excluded from school > Curriculum nazified > Jews are untermensch

Nuremberg Laws - 1935

• Jewish citizenships taken away
• 'J' stamped on passports
• Relationships with arayan and non-jewish germans forbidden
• Jews banished from public areas e.g. Pools, parks, cafes 

Kristallnacht - 1938

• Anti-Jewish riots > destroyed synogogues and jewish businesses
• 267 synogogues destoyed & 8000 businesses burnt > 91 jews killed
• Jews forced to clean up after it and pay for damages made

Jews seen as untermensch - 1938 Females have Sarah/Males have Isreal               January 1942 Wannsee Conference: Gas all jews FINAL SOLUTION

Left Wing

• 1919 Spartacists Uprising > Attack on Eberts government . Ebert calls general strike
• Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht murdered
• 1923 'German October' > mass protests and strikes inspired by Russian Revolution
• Judiciary becomes harsh on left wing violence and biased against them

Right Wing

• 1920 - Kapp Putsch > Wolfgang Kapp > Freikorps march in Berlin
• Ebert calls for army to crush the putsch > army refused (can't rely on them anymore)
• Putsch is a fil because of General Strike; Paralysed workers and kapp support
• Judiciary biased for right wing, more lenient to them

Munich Putsch - November 1923

• After invasion of Ruhr & Hyperinflation; Opportunity for Hitler to seize power
• Police crush Putsch at Munich beer hall, hostages get free > 16 Nazis killed
• Trial is used to get publicity; Huge success > Landsberg Castle > 9 months > Wrote 'Mein Kampf'

• Social democrats win Janurary 1919 elections (Ebert)
• First job in power: make a new constituion (set of rules for germany)

The rules:

• Everyone over 20 could vote
• New Chancellor elected every 4 years, the president would choose them
• New President voted every 7 years: has control over the army
• Proportional representation (PR) voting system used > 10% votes = 10% seats
• Article 48 - Emergency powers granted to president if decisions cannot be made

Strengths

• Fair - loads have their say - local issues are addressed - 1 person cannot take over, president and chancellor balance each other out - a poor chancellor/president would only be there a short period of time

Weaknesses

• PR = too many parties/ cannot make decisions and disagreements - article 48 over used (president stops listening to Reichstag - State govs can pass laws against the Reichstag

Reichstag Fire - 27th Feburary 1933

• Reichstag is burnt down and blamed on the communists (Van Der Lubbe found at the scene)
• Nazis used this opportunity to arrest communists and create fear of communism
• 4000 communist officials arrested to protect Germany from a Red Revolution

Enabling Act - March 1933

• Hitler granted emergency powers to make laws himself without anyone else for 4 years - done this by not allowing communists to vote, anyone not present counted as present and in favour, SA intimidated members when entering Reichstag
• With this act Hitler passed these laws; banned other political parties, banned trade unions and put nazis in charge of state governments

The Night of the Long Knives - June 1934

• SA leader Rohm and 400 leaders murdered by **, got rid of Von Schleicher and showed army they would be the priority

After the death of Hindenburg on August 1934, Hitler made the army swear an oath of loyalty to him NOT Germany - Hitler becomes Fuhrer

Allied bombing

• Homelessness, morale declines, cities destroyed, fear and trauma, need for more propaganda
• May 1942 Cologne 'Thousand bomber raid'
• July 1943 Hamburg 100,000 killed
• Feburary 13th and 14th 1945 Dresden 150,000 killed

Rationing

• Many Germans have a better diet whilst rationing than before (Pregnant women, blood donors and miners get increased rations)
• Ersatz needed > Private gardens and parks produced vegetables
• Bartering of goods (furnature, clothes, shoes etc.)
• 1939 - 700g of meat per person       -       1945 - 250g of meat per person

Labour

• Heavily relied on foreign labour
• Women had to leave their children to work in factories, young girls take care of children
• Slave labour needed from the work camps

Goal to achieve 'Volksgemeinschaft' and Nazify arts & media through radio, film, music, art, books.

• Reich Chamber of Culture set up>membership compulsory for anyone involved in arts or media
• Jazz and Swing music banned
• 1933 > Ministry of public enlightenment and propaganda established > Goebbels
  
• 1933 - 4.5 million radios within Germany     -      1939 70% households own a radio
• 1938 loudspeakers set up in factories, streets and cafes
• May 1933 > 20,000 books burnt
• 1937 > 1600 newspapers shut down > replaced by Der Sturmer (focus on arayans, fatherland)
• 1937 > 2 exhibitions in Munich > Art Glorification to show master race and glorify Germany > Degenerate art; shows forbidden art

• Germany sign War Guilt Clause (Article 231): later they be called November Criminals
• Army reduced to 100,000 men
• 0 submarines, 6 battle ships, 0 air force
• 12% Land lost, 13% Population lost, 1/2 iron and steel gone
• All colonies gone
• Unable to unite with Austria
• Not aloud to be part of League of Nations
• 50 mile DMZ on France border
• £6.6 Billion in reparations
• Germans are angry: felt stabbed in the back by the november criminals

• Trial after the Munich Putsch brought publicity and attention to them in 1924
• They own their own newspaper 'Der Angriff' ; publish any propaganda they want
• Creation of the Hitler Youth in 1922
• Creation of ** in 1925 > private, elite body guards.
• 1925 = 27,000 members
• 1928 = 100,000 members
• Goebbels > new Minister of englightenment and propaganda
• Bamberg Conference > 25 point manifesto outlining views and opinions

Electoral Success

• 1924 - 32 seats > 6.5% of vote - After the trials 
• 1928 - 12 seats > 2.6% of vote - Before Wall Street Crash
• July 1932 = 230 seats > 37% of vote but needed 50% for majority
• November 1932 = 196 votes (decreased due to S.A. violence)