AQA A2 Sociology Unit 4 - Crime and Deviance - Criminal Justice System

• Intervention - Identifying problem groups
• Community - Neighbourhood Watch 

Farrington & West - At Risk = poor, ethnic, parental conflicts, low school attendence

Crime Reduction Methods

• Wilson & Kelling - Broken Windows Theory 
• Importance of community = deterant (Displacement of crime)
• High levels of crime = lack of informal social control

Clarke - Rational Choice Theory - cost of offending is less than benefits 

• Consensual - Police are supported by the community
• Conflict - Police are not welcome

The Courts

• Magistrates - Morgan & Russell - magistrates are either retired or in professional jobs
• Crown - White and educated (3.1% are ethnic)

Trends in Sentencing 

• Prison population = 80,000
• Mainly for Drugs or Violence
• 12,000 ethnic minority
• 50% are re-offenders

Functionalist view

• Durkhiem - Social Solidarity =  form and severity of punishment (values and norms)

Types of Punishment

• Rehabilitation - Means of compensation (community service)  - More complex UK
• Deterrence - Stop re-offending -  More complex UK
• Incapacitation  - Death or Prison style punishment  - Less complex Iran / Complex UK
• Retribution  - Revenge for crime - Less compex Iran

Marxists View 

• Oppressive - through the Althussers RSA - Punishment depending on class
• AO2 - Explains selective law enforcement and White collar Crime 
• Capitalism = Time is money

Overall Evaluation 

• Reductionist - social, enviromental and economic factors

Foucaults - Discipline and Punishment

• Sovereign power - Rights over life and death through the monarchy 
• Disaplinary powers - Right of 24hr survellience - Mental punishment = self survellience
•  - This is seen in the Panoption, schools, asylums and barracks

Era Dependance

• Pre-industrial era - Violent and Strict crimes (Banishment or Flogging)
• Today - Imprisionment or fines (Still individuals reoffending)

• Elias - Theory of Civilisation - offenders exert control upon themsevles 
• AO2 - Garland = this will create mass incarceration 
• (Social agencies changing to prision style)

Overall Evaluations

• Not all crimes end in imprisonment = some are in restitubtive style punishment 
• Taggings of Young offenders to keep them out of the system