Alcohols

so the type coordinates with the amount of carbon groups that the main carbon (which is also attached to the hydroxide) is attached too e.g. primary alcohol attached to a carbon with one carbon.

• Primary and Secondary alcohols +potassium dichromate = colour change from orange to green.
• Tertiary alcohol + potassium dichromate = no colour change.

Glucose

needs:

37 degree celcius

yeast (producing zymase)

Hydration

needs:

very high temperatures- 300°C

very high pressures- 70atm

Phosphoric/sulfuric acid catalyst (H3PO4)

Nucleophilic Subsitution

needs:

reflux heating

with aqueous NaOH

Carbon atom attached to the halogen is slightly positive, attracting the OH- ion. Halogen-carbon bond breaks heterolytically, and the OH- replaces the halogen. A alcohol and a halide with lone pair are produced.

The reverse can also happen, making a halogenoalkane from an alcohol.

esterification needs:

H2SO4- sulfuric acid

heat

carboxylic acid

Made from secondary alcohols

needs:

Potassium Dichromate (which turns green if oxidation occurs)

H+ ions (acid)

Made from primary alcohols

needs:

potassium dichromate

H+ ions (acid)

NEEDS TO BE DISTILLED TO ISOLATE

Needs:

Potassium Dichromate

H+ ions (acid)

reflux of temperature

>>>>>>>

Needs:

H2SO4

an alcohol

 >>>

Alkanes to Alkenes

Cracking is either:

• radical- 200 degrees celcius, and high pressure
• catalytic- using a titanium based catalyst

Is is a very endothermic reaction

Alkenes to Alkanes

Hyrdogenation needs:

a nickel catalyst, 150 degree celcius and hydrogen.

Alkenes to Halogenoalkanes

Electrophilic addition using Hydrogen Halides e.g. HBr HCl

Alkanes to Halogenalkanes

Free radical subsitution needs:

• U.V light or very high temperatures
• Halogen e.g. Cl2 Br2

Addition polymerisation can be done in two different ways:

• Radical polymerisation:

Needs high temperatures (200celcius) and pressures. Produces a mixture of polymers and many branched ones.

• Catalytic polymerisation a.k.a Zeigler-Natta process

Titanium catalyst and 60celcius. Allows unreacted alkenes to be easily recycled into the process.