A New World
- Created by: trinaevans76
- Created on: 25-04-15 15:17
Satellite States
Each country had one communist government
The had so much control because:
1. The USSR had a large army
2. They were grateful for the USSR liberating them from the Nazis
3. It was a gradual change
The Countries
- Bulgaria
- Albania
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungary
- Romania
- Poland
The Hungarian Uprising 1956
Leader until 1956 = Rakosi :
Censored propaganda, media, art, music, theatre
No freedom
Secret police - tortured and terrorism
Russian education
Hungarians paid for troops they didn't want
Signs in Russian - Patriotic
Low standard of living - food shortages
Products sent to USSR
Rigged elections : 20% voted for communism in 1945
The Hungarian Uprising 1956 2
Lazlo Rajk :
Foreign secretary
Rakosi's main rival
Found guilty of plotting to kill Rakosi
Executed
Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty :
Spoke out against Nazis + facists
Opposed communism
Guilty of treason
Life imprisonment
The Hungarian Uprising 1956 3
Stalin's death - 1953
Rakosi's government unpopular --> replaced with Nagy
Nagy :
Freedom of press
Encouraged open political discussions
Economic reform
Free elections
Almost left Warsaw Pact
Rakosi led a hate campaign and blamed Nagy for economic problems
Rakosi replaced Nagy in 1955
The Hungarian Uprising 1956 4
Khruschev's Speech :
Denounces Stalin's policies
Rajk's execution = misscarriage of justice
Replaced Rakosi with Gero
Nagy reinstated
Soviet Response
22nd October 1956 -
Students protest for Nagy back
24th October 1956 -
Nagy = Prime Minister
25th October 1956 -
Soviets opened fire on protestors
28th October 1956 -
Khruschev agrees to withdraw tanks
4th November 1956 -
Leave Warsaw Pact --> 1,000 soviet tanks roll in
Soviet Response 2
Acting under China's advice
Could lose other states
West unlikley to be involved because of Suez crisis
Visit from Tito - Yugoslavia
Kadar appointed leader
Nagy + associates killed
Nagy killed June 1958
Prague Spring 1968
Dubcek- liberal communist, wanted socialism
Brezhnev Doctrine- no Eastern European country could reject communism
Causes
· Novotny:
o Unpopular
o No control
o Bad handling of student protests
o Bad economy
o Censorship
Prague Spring - time between Dubcek's rise and USSR's response
Prague Spring 1968 events
Events
· 20th August 1968- troops invade Czechoslovakia and take Dubcek into Soviet Custody
o He tells them not to resist
o People stand in front of tanks
o People put flowers in soldiers hair
· 27th August 1968- Dubcek returns to government
o His enemy Husak is in power
o All of his work is undone
Dubcek's Reforms
Reforms
· No press censorship
· Curbs power of secret police
· More trade with West
· Competition encouraged
· Free election
· Can travel abroad
· Basic human rights
· Higher standard of living
Similarities and Differences
Similarities :
Causes-
Student protests
Bad economy
Soviet control
No religion
Low standards of living
Thought West would help
Similarities and Differences 2
Similarities :
Key Personalities-
Loyal and unpopular
Liberal communists
Hardline communists chosen by USSR
Events-
USSR alarmed
Leaders against censorship
Soviet Response-
West didn’t help
Tanks sent in
Similarities and Differences 3
Differences (Hungary)
Started with riots
Left Warsaw Pact
Wanted a democracy
5 days
Catholic Church led riots
4,000 died
Nagy hanged
The Berlin Wall 1961 - 1989
Causes
· Germany divided into b sections – controlled by West since 1949 Airlift
· West Germany better off
· Many skilled workers East -->West
· USSR thought USA were spying on them in Berlin
Events
· 13th August 1961-Khrushchev built wall- barbed wire
· 16th August 1961- replaced by concrete blocks
The Berlin Wall 1961 - 1989 2
Consequences
At first USSR thought it looked good
200 people died crossing
West called it the “Wall of Shame”
Showed how desperate the East were
9th November 1989 - the wall fell
Solidarity
Lech Walesa- leader of trade union
Solidarity led Gdansk Shipyard Strike- in response to long-term concerns about low wages and food shortages
Gdansk Agreement 31st August 1980 to organise their own independence and the right to strike
Short term, it wasn’t that effective
1981 General Jaruzelski comes into power
1981 Martial law is implemented(military run the country)
Walesa and 100,000+ others imprisoned as Solidarity is declared illegal
Solidarity 2
July 1983- lifted but restrictions for several years
Reduced civil liberties and economic activity
Solidarity still grew long term
Gorbachev’s growing power helped Solidarity
1986- Gorbachev said he wouldn’t interfere in domestic policies of other Eastern European countries
Collapse of Soviet Empire
Soviet Empire = USSR + East Europe
Gorbachev’s Realisation- USSR couldn’t afford an arms race and the Cold War was damaging the economy
Foreign Policy
· 1987-Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty – meant Cold War was over
· 1988 Brezhnev Doctrine ends – USSR couldn’t use force against Satellite Statesàthey overthrew their governments
· 1989 Soviet troops withdrawn from Afghanistan – showed USSR to be weak and couldn’t interfere with other countries’ affairs
Collapse of Soviet Empire 2
Domestic Reforms
· Glasnost- transparency in governmentà more openness and democracy
o caused party to lose censorship and secrets revealed
· Perestroika- restructuring the economyà loss of economic control
o Freedom caused wide spread demands for more change
o Many governments controlled by the USSR broke down
o Gorbachev- unpopular
o Division in USSR
Collapse of Soviet Empire 3
Other Reasons
· Afghanistan- USSR supported communist government there Afghanistanà angered
o Mujahedeen fighters +10,000 Soviet soldiers dead- worse without Gorbachev
· Arms Race – anti-communist Reagan came into USA power
o Spent more money against USSR
o USSR couldn’t compete
o Gorbachev reformed economy
· People in East Europe were poor, food shortages, crime , alcoholism+ drug abuse - Gorbachev couldn’t stop this
Similarities and Differences 4
Differences(Prague Spring)
Passive Resistance
Wanted Liberal communism
4 months
Uprising planned
Socialist action plan
47 arrested
Dubcek arrested
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