A2 PE - Sports Psychology Revision Cards
All you need to know to get an A!
- Created by: Ben Read
- Created on: 25-04-13 14:49
Personality Theories
TRAIT THEORY
- Innate, stable and enduring
- Describes we are born with certain personality characteristics
- Trait theorists; Cattell (16 Personality Factors Test) & Eysenck
INTERACTIONIST THEORY
- Mix of inherited traits and learned behaviours
- Theorists; Hollander (Concentric Ring Theory)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- All behaviour is learned from the environment
- Theorists; Bandura (Observation and Imitation)
Attitudes
TRIADIS' TRIADIC MODEL
Affective = Your feelings towards something
Behavioural = Your behaviour towards it
Cognitive = What you think/know about it
FORMATION OF ATTITUDES
- Socialisation; interaction with others
- Peer groups; significant others (friends/family)
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
- Festinger;
- Individuals experience emotional discomfort (dissonance)
- If one attitude component (A, B or C) can be changed and cause dissonance, then the whole attitude can be changed
PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION THEORY
- Persuader
- Message All of these are used to cause dissonance and therefore a change in attitude
- Situation
- Recipient
Attribution Theory
ATTRIBUTIONS
- Reasons for players and coaches give for success and failure in sport
WEINER'S ATTRIBUTION MODEL
- 4 attributions;
- Ability - "We were more skillful"
- Task Difficulty - "The opposition are champions"
- Effort - "We tried hard"
- Luck - "The court/surface was slippery"
ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
- Attributing failure to effort instead of ability will help prevent 'learned helplessness'
- Low achievers need to change to the attitudes of high achievers
Team Cohesion
TASK COHESION
- The way team members work together in order to successfully complete a task or reach a goal. (vital in team sports)
SOCIAL COHESION
- Making positive social relationships within a team or group
- This will provide supports and friendship
- Important in co-active activities such as yoga or a fitness class
THE FOUR FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEAM COHESION
- SITUATIONAL FACTORS - Specific to the situation and environment
- INDIVIDUAL FACTORS - Characteristics and personalities of the individuals
- LEADERSHIP FACTORS - Styled of leadership preferred by the group
- TEAM FACTORS - Team goals, communication and record of shared success
Leadership
LEADERSHIP STYLES
- AUTOCRATIC - One leader, makes all decisions
- DEMOCRATIC - Opinions of the group taken on board but leader makes final decision
- LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Laid back approach, let the group make decision
SELECTION OF A LEADER
- EMERGENT LEADERS - Already belongs to the group, has worked through ranks
- PRESCRIBED LEADERS - Selected from outside of the group (external appointment)
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
- TRAIT THEORY - Born leader, have leadership characteristics eg. good communication
- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - Learnt leadership qualities through imitation/environment, states anyone can learn to lead, the more experience the better leadership qualities
Aggression
- Hostile aggression = aggression used outside of the rules with an intent to harm
- Channelled aggression = aggression within the rules, aimed towards winning
REASONS FOR AGGRESSION
- Crowd/Media, Pressure, Retaliation, Mentality, Rivalry, Importance of competition
INSTINCT THEORY (FREUD + LORENZ)
- Aggression is a trait and iz genetically inherited
- A small amount lies in everyone (some more than others)
- Freud called this the 'Death Instict'
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA)
- NOT genetically inherited but learned and nurtured through environment
- Aggression can be learned through the imitation of role models
Aggression (2)
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS (DOLLARD)
- Frustration develops when a goal-directed behaviour is blocked
- Frustration may also occur due to; defeat, good opposition or percieved bad officiating
- If an aggressive act is then completed, this frustration is released and the aggressor feels good
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS (BERKOWITZ)
- Frustration leads to an arousal increase
- Frustration causes a 'readiness' which can trigger aggression after a cue in the environment eg- percieved unfairness, opposition players or nature of the game
ELIMINATION OF AGGRESSION
- COGNITIVE - Psychological therapies eg- CBT
- SOMATIC - Physiological strategies eg- control of breathing rate, control of heart rate, biofeedback - uses electronic instruments to measure physiological stress
Goal Setting - SMARTER
S - Specific M - Measurable A - Accepted R - Realistic T - Timed E - Exciting R - Recorded
TYPES OF GOALS
- Short Term - Immediate Goals that bring immediate success
- Medium Term - Used to check progress, inbetween cycle
- Long Term - Ultimate goal, can be a matter of years or seasons
Activity Based Goals
- Performance Goals: Based on judgements made of performer against previous performances
- Process Goals: Looks at improving technique to improve performace
- Product Goals: Focused on end result
Self Confidence and Self Efficacy
SELF CONFIDENCE
- Believing in your own ability
- Linked closely to anxiety and stress
SELF EFFICACY
- Specific to the situation
- Perception of your own performance
BANDURA'S MODEL - EFFICACY EXPECTATION
1. Vicarious experiences - seeing someone of a similar level perform a skill the individual is struggling with
2. Verbal persuasion - motivation from coaches or other players
3. Control of Arousal
4. Performance Accomplishments - Looking back on previous good performances/accomplishments
Vealey's Model of Sports Confidence
Objective Situation
Trait Confidence (SC Trait) Competition Orientation
State Sports Confidence
(SC - State)
Performance of Skill
SUBJECTIVE OUTCOME
(Perception of Performance)
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SC-STATE
Mastery of Skill, Styling, Physical and mental preparation, Social Reinforcement, Effective Leadership, Environmental comfort
The Effects of an Audience
SOCIAL FACILITATION
- Having a positive effect on performance
Zajonc's Drive Theory
- The presence of an audience in any shape or form raised arousal
- this increases drive
- An increase in drive/arousal enhances the production of dominant responses
SOCIAL INHIBITION
- Having a negative effect on performer
Cottrell's Evaluation Apprehension Theory
- He understood that in some cases, the audience can have a calming effect
- However, he stated that arousal only increased when the performer percieved the audience to be assessing/evaluating their performance
- This can mainly inhibit performance but can facilitate in some cases
The Effects of an Audience (2)
HOME ADVANTAGE EFFECT
- Large, supportive crowds have a positive influence on performance
- Larger crowd = Bigger influence
PROXIMITY EFFECT
- Is when the crowd gets close to the action
- This increases crowd influence
- Most evident in indoor sports such as basket ball (known as the arena experience)
- Can either facilitate or inhibit performance - depends on personality, experiences and phase of learning
DISTRACTION CONFLICT THEORY
- Individuals can only attend to a limited amount of environmental cues
- Spectators demand just as much attention from the activity itself and therefore the crowd act as a distraction
- Simple actions would be performed better than complex actions
Emotional Control
- Anxiety, Arousal, Stress, Worry
- Stress = trigger for increase in arousal
- Types of anxiety = Cognitive - mind and Somatic - body
STABILITY OF ANXIETY
- State = anxiety of specific situation (unstable)
- Trait = natural/genetic level of anxiety (stable)
INDIVIDUAL ZONE OF OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING
- Inverted U Theory - Correct but not individualist (applicable to everyone)
- Adam's theory - Three zones of optimal functioning (arousal)
CONTROL OF ANXIETY
- SOMATIC - Biofeedback, PMR (Progressive Muscle Relaxation)
- COGNITIVE - Positive self talk, Imagery, Thought blocking, Goal setting
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